1. The Key to Women’s Employment: Education Hakan Ercan Middle East Technical University TOBB Presentation December 2012

2. Salient facts for Turkey Labor force participation rate in Turkey is around 50%. Women’s LFPR was 28% in September 2012, highest ever. Why? Lack of education! Not only women’s education, men’s education! Outside of large metropolitan areas, non-economic dynamics are at work. December 20122

3. Labour Force Participation Rates

4. Provincial Labor Force Statistics, 2009 (TÜ İ K) 4December 2012

5. Rural-urban migration is still going on: December 20125 Most migrants are young. Almost all had five years of schooling, until recently.

6. International cross-country data: Women’s (25-44 year-olds) LFPR against GDP per capita in PPP: December 20126

7. Turkey projections We are 15 points below than what we must be, given our per capita income. December 20127

8. Francisco H. G. Ferreira, The World Bank Conversations in Istanbul and Ankara, June 2008 December 20128

9. Not only consumption, but life itself: December 20129 Even if we accept inequalities attributable to personal responsibility as fair, there remain huge inequalities due to morally-irrelevant circumstances beyond the control of individuals.

10. ... And work (factors for first job transition, 25-29 year-olds) 10December 2012

11. Flexicurity? Not so sure anymore (after Spain during the recent crisis). Not with occupational segregation, low wages, and informal employment. Daycare? Safe public transportation? Yes, but... In Istanbul and Ankara and a few other cities. Gaziantep? Konya? Mardin? December 201211

12. LFPR by education levels (%) December 201212 EducationMaleFemale Less than hi school7225 High school7431 College8568

13. Monthly earnings by year, sex, and sector (non-agriculture) December 201213

14. Women’s Earnings Profiles: Age and Education 14December 2012

15. Thank you.