1. Figure 3.1 Labor productivity and GDP per capita, 2009 Source: calculations based on Conference Board Total Economy Database, 1950-2009; GDP per capita and labor productivity per hour worked both in 2009 US$ (converted to 2009 price level using PPP); logarithmic scales.

2. Figure 3.2 Ratio of productivity in wheat (tonnes/ha) to productivity in sugarcane (tonnes/ha) Source: Costinot and Donaldson (2012), reprinted with permission; areas shaded white have either zero productivity in wheat, or zero productivity in both wheat and sugarcane; areas shaded dark with the highest value have zero productivity in sugarcane and strictly positive productivity in wheat.

3. Figure 3.3 Knowledge spillovers in developing countries, 1971-1990 Source: calculations based on data from Coe, Helpman, and Hoffmaister (1997)

4. Figure 3.4 An isoquant

5. Figure 3.5 Cost minimization

6. Figure 3.6 Lerner diagram, a goods prices and b factor prices

7. Figure 3.7 The impact of international trade