1. INTRODUCTION TO GUIDANCE & COUNSELING
THEORIES IN COUNSELING

2. THEORY: DEFINITION Ideas about something
Statement about cause and effect to explain behavior
Explanation or hypothesis about the root of intra and interpersonal problem in order to propose treatment (Gladding, 2009)

3. THEORY: CRITERIA
A good theory should be comprehensive so that it takes into account numerous events in a variety of situations
Should be clear, precise, and easily understood
A good counseling theory needs to be based in part on personality theory to provide counselors with knowledge of the development of normal and maladaptive behavior and human nature.

4. WHY HAVE A THEORY?
ARGUMENTS AGAINST THEORY Forces counselors to be mechanical Can lock counselors into rigid format, making them inflexible Makes the client conform to the counselor’s theory Puts the counselor in the position of being an interpreter, thus preventing him/ her from being a person
ARGUMENTS FOR THEORY Creates order Helps counselors understand what they are doing May develop a reputation as a counselor more readily if you are identified with a given theory Generates new ideas and approaches for testing

5. 5 ELEMENTS OF COUNSELING THEORY
VIEWS OF HUMAN NATURE
CAUSE OF HUMAN PROBLEMS
ROLES OF COUNSELOR
4. GOALS OF COUNSELING
5. TECHNIQUES/ METHODS

6. Counseling Theory Influenced by:
Belief system or religious belief system
Educational background or training
Personal experiences
Random observation
Observation on clients
Influenced of other theories

7. Use of Counseling Theory
To help understand client
To propose holistic and systematic system to counseling process
To guide in information gathering
To evaluate the effectiveness of the process

8. 4 BASIC COUNSELING ORIENTATIONS
PRAGMATIC
ECLECTIC
PERSONAL THEORIST
SYNCRETISM

9. 4 BASIC COUNSELING ORIENTATIONS
PRAGMATIC
Rely on personal experience; do not adhere to any particular theory
ECLECTIC
Critically select concepts and techniques from a number of counseling approaches, taking research findings into account, and blends them together with personal ideas and adaptations into a consistent whole

10. 4 BASIC COUNSELING ORIENTATIONS
PERSONAL THEORIST
Indoctrinated in particular personality theory and use it exclusively with every type of client in every circumstances
SYNCRETISM
Joining or merging of beliefs and ideas; use ideas from two or more theories but makes no attempt to develop any coherent, consistent personal framework; have collection of techniques but do don’t integrate their use in any logical or systematic format; depend on intuitive feel.

11. APPROACHES VS THEORY Approaches cover one or more theories
Theories that share the same 5 elements are categorized under the same approach

12. APPROACHES IN COUNSELING
PSYCHODYNAMICS
HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL
BEHAVIOR
COGNITIVE
SYSTEMIC
ECLECTIC (THEORY VS TECHNIQUES)