1. Multiple Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of London e.kaufmann@bbk.ac.uk

2. Complexity Theory Complexity from simplicity: higher level coordination emerges from uncoordinated lower- level actions. Self-organising. Emergence Feedback loops Small changes big effects and vice-versa, i.e. tipping points ‘Wisdom of crowds’: knowledge is distributed among individuals rather than centralised in the state Examples: market, forest, city

3. 1.Emergence

4. Classic v Complex Diffusion ‘State’ – top down diffusion. Gradual, out from centre to peripheries and down social scale ‘Market’ – bottom-up. Peer-to-peer emergence. Erratic, subject to tipping points and ideas can go ‘viral’

5. Consumers, towns, associations, families ‘Everyday nationalism’ (Deloye, Edensor, Fox, etc) Popular nationalism (Sidel on Philippines; Kammen/O’Leary on USA) Local nationalism: ‘Heimat’ version of nation (Confino, Applegate, Zimmer, Leersen 2014!)

6. 2. Feedback Loops Supply of QWERTY Demand for QWERTY Supply of an idea like nationalism makes it more prestigious, people imitate, makes it more prestigious, people imitate…. NOT JUST PASSIVE DIFFUSION

7. 3. Tipping Points Big changes no effect, Small change big effect

8. IRA I vs IRA II

9. Tipping Points in Epidemics

10. Role of rumour and spontaneity in nationalist violence

11. CC — People who cooperate with everyone CD — People who cooperate only with people of the same type DD — People who do not cooperate with anyone DC — People who only cooperate with people of different types

12. Al Qaeda Coordinated from Afghanistan or uncoordinated cells inspired by the brand? As Self-organizing network (Bousquet 2009) Feedback loop from symbolic attacks which inspire others Different interpretations Adapts to local circumstance and information Hard to defeat Gangs and crime syndicates similar (Klein and Maxson 2006; Williams 2001)

13. 4. The Wisdom of Crowds

14. Multiple Perspectives on the Nation Zones of conflict (Hutchinson 2005) Lenses of nationhood (Kaufmann 2008) Multivocality (Eriksen 2014!)

15. Localism Idea of localism seen as an answer to the problems of complexity Resource Mobilisation Theory: parties or social movements which are branch/constituency-based more adaptable Federalism, devolution, subsidiarity in policy

16. Multiple Nationalism Current vogue for integrationist civic nationalism alienates multiculturalists, individualists, ethno-nationalists Why not let each take a common minimum and fill in the blanks? Wide range of lenses on the nation tolerated and validated Tailor-made nationalism, multivocal symbols

17. Constructive Ambiguity Agreement wording is ambiguous Sold differently to each side Leaders allow each side to believe the deal favours them No problem if ethnic Englishman identifies with Britain through his ethnicity