1. Chapter 11 -Blood “ I vant to suck yur blood” Count Dracula

2. Functions of Blood 1)transport-dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones and metabolic waste 2)Regulate pH & ions, ex. calcium, potassium, lactate acid control 3)Restrict fluid loss at injury site, ie. blood clot 4)Defend against toxins and pathogens. White blood cells (WBCs) and antibodies 5)Stabilize body temp.

3. Blood Composition Chart- page 367 55% plasma ( leave space for next slide) 45% formed elements

4. Plasma 92% water!! Excellent for transporting dissolved molecules and heat 7% Plasma proteins- – Albumin and Globulin for transport – Fibrinogen for clotting – Regulatory proteins- enzymes, hormones 1% other solutes (dissolved stuff)- – Electrolytes: Na +, K +, Cl -, etc. – Organic nutrients ( used for energy & building stuff): Fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, etc. – Organic waste: Urea, bilirubin ( broken down RBCs)

5. Formed elements 99.9% RBCs!! 0.1% WBCs and platelets

6. Blood Trivia Blood Temp: 100.4 o F (Hot Blooded by Foreigner!) Viscosity- 5 times more resistant to flow than water ( “blood is thicker than water”) pH of 7.2-7.4 (slightly alkaline)

7. RBCs As adults, hemopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow. As fetus, RBC formation also occurs in liver and spleen Hematocrit- % by volume of formed elements in whole blood, found by centrifuging 46% in men, 42% in women- why?

8. RBC Anatomy/Physiology Loses many cellular components upon maturity: nucleus, DNA, mitochondria Shaped like a donut, contains many molecules of hemoglobin Each hemoglobin contains 4 pigment groups called “heme” groups Each heme group holds an iron ion that can form a weak bond with an O 2, lots of CO 2 causes the bond to break and release O 2 However, CO has a much higher affinity to hemoglobin than O 2 !

9. Anemia- blood with low ability to carry O 2 – Symptoms: lack of energy, premature muscle fatigue, weakness RBC lifespan- about 120 days – 1% replaced each day – 3 million new RBCs per second! – If your body holds 6 liters and each blood donation is 500 mL, how long before blood back to normal RBC count? Hint what % of your blood is removed?

10. RBC recycling Small amount ( 10%) hemolyze (rupture) in blood and proteins are filtered out by kidneys. Too many rupturing will give urine reddish/ brown color!! Usually phagocytic cells in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow engulf old RBCs and break them down into component parts. Heme molecule loses its iron and becomes biliverdin (green color)

12. Biliverdin converted to Bilirubin ( orange yellow) and released into the blood, liver then absorbs and secretes into bile duct. Sometimes bilirubin will build up in tissue (visible in skin and whites of eyes), condition known as “Jaundice”. Sign of bigger problems! In fetus, mom’s liver is disposing of bilirubin. Upon birth is can take a couple days for baby’s liver to get up to speed! In the mean time baby gets funny color- “Jaundiced” yellow.

13. Severe Neonatal Jaundice Therapy Certain wavelength of light will break down bilirubin in skin!

14. When bilirubin reaches Lg. intestine it is broken down further. Some is reabsorbed with water and released by kidneys, some goes out with feces. Thus urine’s yellow color and brown of feces.

15. RBC production Occurs in red bone marrow of larger bones ( proximal limb, pelvic, scapulae, etc.) When O 2 levels low, kidneys release Erythropoeitin (EPO).

16. Blood types Red blood cells have about 50 different surface proteins These proteins are known as surface antigens 2 types are problems when getting blood transfusions: ABO and rh +/- The body recognizes the ones you have and produces antibodies against those you don’t Page 376

17. White Blood Cells ( WBCs or leukocytes) Larger than RBCs and have a nucleus and other organelles. They lack hemoglobin. Help defend against pathogens, remove wastes, toxins, and abnormal or damaged cells.

18. Types of WBCs Neutrophils: 50-70%, phagocytes that attack and digest bacteria Eosinophils: 2-4%, use exocytosis to attack toxic compounds Basophils: less than 1%, releases heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (enhances inflammation) Monocytes: 2-8%, aggressive phagocytes Lymphocytes: 20-30%

19. WBC Movement and Circulation WBCs are sensitive to chemical signs of damage to surrounding areas, so when there is a problem WBCs leave the bloodstream and enter the damaged area. Amoeboid Movement: gliding motion that allows WBCs to move along walls of blood vessels Diapedesis: leaving the bloodstream and entering surrounding tissue Positive Chemotaxis: attraction to chemical stimuli Phagocytosis: engulf pathogens, cell debris, or other materials

20. Platelets In humans, these are cell fragments and not individual cells Initiate the clotting process and help close injured blood vessels A platelet circulates for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes.

21. Hemostasis Hemostasis: the process that stops bleeding by preventing the loss of blood through damaged vessel walls. Phase 1 (Vascular Phase): Cutting a blood vessel’s wall triggers a vascular spasm, which can slow or stop loss of blood through a small vessel Phase 2 (Platelet Phase): Platelets attach to exposed fibers to close the break in a small vessel Phase 3 (Coagulation Phase): As the network of caught fribrinogen grows, blood cells and platelets become trapped and form a blood clot.

23. Types of WBCs Neutrophils: 50-70%, phagocytes that attack and digest bacteria Eosinophils: 2-4%, use exocytosis to attack toxic compounds Basophils: less than 1%, releases heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (enhances inflammation) Monocytes: 2-8%, aggressive phagocytes Lymphocytes: 20-30%