1. September 1, 1983 269 People Were Killed

2. A commercial airliner Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was shot down by a Soviet Military Aircraft and crashed into the sea of Japan!

3. May 27, 1977 583 Killed

4. A KLM Royal Airlines Jumbo Jet roared down the fog-shrouded runway in the Canary Islands and crashed into a Pam Am Jumbo Jet!

5. March 28, 1979 Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant Accident

6. What do these three disasters have in common?

7. Please Walk up one floor Walk down two floors For improved elevator service

8. How can we improve User-Computer Performance?

9. Cognitive Engineering for Enhanced User-Computer Performance

10. Introduction The Problem  Many systems may be classified as failures (Tait and Vessey, 1988).  Systems designed without reference to human information processing and problem-solving are likely to alienate their users (Andriole and Adelman, 1989).  It is important to recognize that “To the user, the Interface is the System” (Boyell, 1990).  Historically, the main concern for interface designers was conventional human factors, also know as ergonomics.

11. Cognitive Engineering Joining the cognitive sciences with engineering to form a new, applied discipline for the design and construction of systems to support the human user. Norman

12. Cognitive Engineering Map Ergonomics Human Factors Cognitive Science Systems Engineering Cognitive Engineering

13. Cognitive systems engineering (Hollnagel and Woods, 1983) Cognitive engineering (Rasmussen, 1986) (Woods and Roth, 1988) Cognitive ergonomics (Falson, 1990)

14. Introduction The Solution Leveraging empirical findings from the cognitive sciences to the design and application of user-computer interfaces. Cognitive findings would include topics such as how people store, process, and retrieve knowledge. The results will be an interface that is “cognitively-friendly”. The Approach Prototype designed, developed and tested.

15. Many Significant Cognitive Research Efforts Focus on a particular software package: Text Processing (Card, Moran, & Newell, 1983) Spreadsheet (Olson & Nilson, 1987) Word Processor (Norman, 1986)

16. Focus on enhancing organizational problem solving “Designing the user interface to advanced information systems so that they improve the complex inference and decision making tasks found in organizational settings.” (Andriole & Adelman, 1991; Wolf, Klein & Thordsen, 1991) “Cognitive engineering is about human behavior in complex worlds.” (Woods & Roth, 1988)