1. Memory (cont.) CHAPTER 9

2. Exercise on Priming Say the 1 st, 2 nd or 3 rd answer that comes to mind based on what I ask you to remember. Say the 1 st, 2 nd or 3 rd answer that comes to mind based on what I ask you to remember. Example: I say “Name of a team 2 nd association”. Example: I say “Name of a team 2 nd association”. If the 1 st team that comes to mind is the Panthers and the second team is the Butler Bulldogs then what do you write? If the 1 st team that comes to mind is the Panthers and the second team is the Butler Bulldogs then what do you write? After we are done put these 15 away somewhere After we are done put these 15 away somewhere

3. Types of Encoding Visual Encoding – the encoding of picture images Visual Encoding – the encoding of picture images Acoustic Encoding – the encoding of sound Acoustic Encoding – the encoding of sound Semantic Encoding – the encoding of meaning Semantic Encoding – the encoding of meaning ACTIVITY – On visual vs. acoustic encoding ACTIVITY – On visual vs. acoustic encoding Q. Based on results which form of encoding works best? Q. Based on results which form of encoding works best?

4. Visual Encoding Visual encoding – encoding of picture images Visual encoding – encoding of picture images Imagery – mental pictures. Imagery – mental pictures. Jerry Lucas and Imagery Jerry Lucas and Imagery Super autobiographical memory subjects Super autobiographical memory subjects

5. Memory Tendencies… Spacing effect – we retain info better when rehearsal is distributed out over a period of time. (Studying every night is BETTER than cramming) Spacing effect – we retain info better when rehearsal is distributed out over a period of time. (Studying every night is BETTER than cramming) Next in line effect. Next in line effect. Complete Activity with list of words Complete Activity with list of words

6. Serial Position Effect Directions: Listen to the list of words then write down as many as you can remember (in any order). Don’t ask how many there are supposed to be. Directions: Listen to the list of words then write down as many as you can remember (in any order). Don’t ask how many there are supposed to be.

7. SPE words sharp, point, hurt, syringe, thimble, haystack, thread, needle, prick, pin, sewing, knitting, pain sharp, point, hurt, syringe, thimble, haystack, thread, needle, prick, pin, sewing, knitting, pain

8. Serial Position Effect The tendency to be more/less likely to recall items/names/events.etc based on the position of when they fall. The tendency to be more/less likely to recall items/names/events.etc based on the position of when they fall. Recency Effect- tendency to recall last item Recency Effect- tendency to recall last item Primacy effect- tendency to recall first item Primacy effect- tendency to recall first item

9. Priming/Deja Vu list Rest Awake Rest Awake Snore Eat Snore Eat Sound Wake Sound Wake Tired Dream Tired Dream Bed Slumber Bed Slumber Comfort Night Comfort Night

10. Retrieval - Priming Priming – the activation of a particular associations in memory Priming – the activation of a particular associations in memory Oftentimes this does not require a conscious effort Oftentimes this does not require a conscious effort Can be words, tastes, smells, names, voices, pictures, Can be words, tastes, smells, names, voices, pictures, Assignment: write down as many words as you can remember after I prime you to recall them Assignment: write down as many words as you can remember after I prime you to recall them YOUTUBE: psychological priming – YouTube YOUTUBE: psychological priming – YouTubepsychological priming – YouTubepsychological priming – YouTube YOUTUBE Priming our brain - YouTube YOUTUBE Priming our brain - YouTubePriming our brain - YouTubePriming our brain - YouTube

11. Retrieval Déjà vu – (already seen) – cues (associations) from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. Déjà vu – (already seen) – cues (associations) from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. What is déjà vu VIDEO What is déjà vu VIDEO

12. Mood-Congruent memory Mood-congruent memory – tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood (good or bad). P. 365 Mood-congruent memory – tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood (good or bad). P. 365 Ex. Psychotherapists have to sort this out as patients discuss past events. Ex. Psychotherapists have to sort this out as patients discuss past events.

13. State Dependent memory State dependent memory – recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness. Context relates to this. State dependent memory – recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness. Context relates to this. Ex. Caffeine (test taking), Car keys/ Vegas and intoxication. Ex. Caffeine (test taking), Car keys/ Vegas and intoxication.

14. Forgetting Why do we forget? Why do we forget? Failure to encode Failure to encode Storage decay Storage decay Retrieval failure Retrieval failure

15. Retrieval failure Retroactive interference – New information keeps you from recalling old information - Failure to Remember the OLD Retroactive interference – New information keeps you from recalling old information - Failure to Remember the OLD New phone number keeps you from recalling your old phone number New phone number keeps you from recalling your old phone number New locker combination keeps you from learning old. New locker combination keeps you from learning old. http://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.prenhal l.com/livepsych/livepsych_ad/index.html&sa=U&ei =ZjjETp_tHoeUtweX44HDCg&ved=0CBIQFjAA &usg=AFQjCNG6ia-j1uFYytjTEdrbzV3ebawS6A http://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.prenhal l.com/livepsych/livepsych_ad/index.html&sa=U&ei =ZjjETp_tHoeUtweX44HDCg&ved=0CBIQFjAA &usg=AFQjCNG6ia-j1uFYytjTEdrbzV3ebawS6A http://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.prenhal l.com/livepsych/livepsych_ad/index.html&sa=U&ei =ZjjETp_tHoeUtweX44HDCg&ved=0CBIQFjAA &usg=AFQjCNG6ia-j1uFYytjTEdrbzV3ebawS6A http://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.prenhal l.com/livepsych/livepsych_ad/index.html&sa=U&ei =ZjjETp_tHoeUtweX44HDCg&ved=0CBIQFjAA &usg=AFQjCNG6ia-j1uFYytjTEdrbzV3ebawS6A

16. Retrieval failure Proactive interference – old information keeps you from recalling information learned more recently – Failure to Remember the NEW Proactive interference – old information keeps you from recalling information learned more recently – Failure to Remember the NEW Old locker combination keeps you from remembering your new combination Old locker combination keeps you from remembering your new combination Old girlfriends phone number prevents you from remembering your new girlfriends phone number. Old girlfriends phone number prevents you from remembering your new girlfriends phone number. PsychSim 5e - Online Edition SLIDE 11 PsychSim 5e - Online Edition SLIDE 11 PsychSim 5e - Online Edition PsychSim 5e - Online Edition

17. Storage Decay Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve Ebbinghaus memorized nonsense syllables and then studied how quickly he forgot the words. Ebbinghaus memorized nonsense syllables and then studied how quickly he forgot the words. The course of forgetting is initially rapid and then levels off with time. The course of forgetting is initially rapid and then levels off with time.

18. Neuroscience (Biology) and Memory Amnesia – the loss of memory Amnesia – the loss of memory Patients who show loss of memory are evidence that memory is not in one location. Patients who show loss of memory are evidence that memory is not in one location. Hippocampus - a neural center in the limbic system the helps process explicit memories (conscious recall – knowledge and episodic memories) for storage. This is where new memories are encoded and temporarily stored. With time these memories may move to other parts of the brain. Hippocampus - a neural center in the limbic system the helps process explicit memories (conscious recall – knowledge and episodic memories) for storage. This is where new memories are encoded and temporarily stored. With time these memories may move to other parts of the brain.

19. Neuroscience - hippocampus Hippocampus is lateralized (found in each hemisphere) Hippocampus is lateralized (found in each hemisphere) Damage to the left hippocampus – trouble remembering verbal information Damage to the left hippocampus – trouble remembering verbal information Damage to the right hippocampus – trouble recalling visual images and locations Damage to the right hippocampus – trouble recalling visual images and locations Our memories are NOT in one place Our memories are NOT in one place Anterograde amnesia – inability to encode new memories Anterograde amnesia – inability to encode new memories Video – Media Archives Beginning with Debra Wearing talking. Video – Media Archives Beginning with Debra Wearing talking.

20. Neuroscience and Memory Cerebellum – processes implicit (without conscious recall – skills and conditioning effects) memories Cerebellum – processes implicit (without conscious recall – skills and conditioning effects) memories Amygdala – emotional memories are stored in the amygdala Amygdala – emotional memories are stored in the amygdala

21. Neuroscience and memory Video- Endless memory Part 2 (effects of adrenaline) Following high frequency stimulation, synapses will strengthen – this is called Long Term Potentiation Following high frequency stimulation, synapses will strengthen – this is called Long Term Potentiation LTP is the neural mechanism that explains memory and learning. LTP is the neural mechanism that explains memory and learning. Examples: memorizing through repetition, Examples: memorizing through repetition, Coaches “practice does not make perfect, perfect practice makes perfect.” Coaches “practice does not make perfect, perfect practice makes perfect.”

22. Memory and Eyewitness Testimony The Eyewitness Test: How do you stack up? – YouTubeThe Eyewitness Test: How do you stack up? – YouTube] The Eyewitness Test: How do you stack up? – YouTube Can YOU spot the murderer? - Eyewitness - BBC Two – YouTube Can YOU spot the murderer? - Eyewitness - BBC Two – YouTube What Do They Remember About the Crime?- part 2 What Do They Remember About the Crime?- part 2 1 st half of 60 Minutes video on Ronald Cotton in Burlington, NC. 1 st half of 60 Minutes video on Ronald Cotton in Burlington, NC. Eyewitness Testimony Part 1 - YouTube Eyewitness Testimony Part 1 - YouTube Eyewitness Testimony Part 1 - YouTube Eyewitness Testimony Part 1 - YouTube

23. Constructive Memory Constructive Memory – false memories and recollections of events, memories are distorted by adding or changing details Constructive Memory – false memories and recollections of events, memories are distorted by adding or changing details Leading questions may cause us to recall an event differently than it actually occurred Leading questions may cause us to recall an event differently than it actually occurred Constructive memories feel like accurate memories Constructive memories feel like accurate memories

24. Misinformation Effect Elizabeth Loftus and the Misinformation Effect Elizabeth Loftus and the Misinformation Effect Show a film of a traffic accident and then asked “How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” or “How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?” Loftus and Palmer study Show a film of a traffic accident and then asked “How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” or “How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?” Loftus and Palmer studyLoftus and Palmer studyLoftus and Palmer study A week later the witnesses were asked if there was glass at the scene of the accident. Those who were asked the first question reported glass. (when there was none) A week later the witnesses were asked if there was glass at the scene of the accident. Those who were asked the first question reported glass. (when there was none) Video – True or False? – Disc 3 Psych American Frontier Video – True or False? – Disc 3 Psych American Frontier Misinformation effect – incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event Misinformation effect – incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event Source amnesia – attributing the wrong source to an event we have experienced (Mr. Science, Ronald Reagan, Hillary Clinton) Source amnesia – attributing the wrong source to an event we have experienced (Mr. Science, Ronald Reagan, Hillary Clinton)

25. Misinformation Effect Recall how false memories can be implanted into our head: Recall how false memories can be implanted into our head: Q How did questions asked eyewitnesses of a car crash differ (regarding speed and broken glass). Q How did questions asked eyewitnesses of a car crash differ (regarding speed and broken glass). NC has led the nation in using computers to assist victims in picking out potential criminals (eliminate victim bias) and requiring a course on human memory and eyewitness testimony. NC has led the nation in using computers to assist victims in picking out potential criminals (eliminate victim bias) and requiring a course on human memory and eyewitness testimony.

26. Misinformation Effect Creating False Memories – YouTube Creating False Memories – YouTube Creating False Memories – YouTube Creating False Memories – YouTube The Bunny Effect The Bunny Effect The Bunny Effect The Bunny Effect

27. Memory and Eyewitness testimony Show 2 nd half of video on Ronald Cotton explaining what went wrong with Jennifer’s memory. Show 2 nd half of video on Ronald Cotton explaining what went wrong with Jennifer’s memory. Eyewitness Testimony Part 2 - YouTube Eyewitness Testimony Part 2 - YouTube Eyewitness Testimony Part 2 - YouTube Eyewitness Testimony Part 2 - YouTube