1. 1 HS1000-71 Human Growth & Social Environment Infancy (Birth to Age 3) Cognitive and Social Development

2. 2 II. Social Development Emotional expressions  Built-in social signals  Cross-cultural evidence reveals that people around the world associate photographs of different facial expressions with emotions in the same way Basic emotions:  Happiness, anger and fear

3. 3 Happiness  Blissful ( 極樂的 ) smiles to exuberant ( 豐富的 ) laughter  When new skills achieved, expressing their delight in motor and cognitive mastery Social smile:  Smiling directed toward mothers and other caregivers

4. 4 Understanding to the Emotions of Others Social referencing: Intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events First occurs around the age of 8 or 9 months Self awareness - Knowledge of oneself Begin to grow at around the age of 12 months

5. 5 Theory of mind (John Flavell)  knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it influences behavior  The explanations that children use to explain how others think. (around 18 months of age) Empathy:  an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person  At around 24 months of age, infants may comfort others or shown concern for others

6. 6 Attachment  the positive emotional bond ( 積極情感聯繫 ) that develops between a child and a particular, special individual Lorenz – attachment was based on biologically determined factors ( 生理決定因素 ) Freud – attachment grew out of a mother’s ability to satisfy a child’s oral needs ( 口腔需要 )

7. 7 John Bowlby Human attachment study Infants’ needs for safety and security They genetically determined motivation to avoid predators ( 抗拒掠奪者 ) Development of a special relationship with individual usually the mother who provides safety and security

8. 8 Mary Ainsworth  Strange situation and Patterns of Attachment Ainsworth Strange Situation:  a sequence of stage episodes ( 階段事件 ) (8 step pattern) that illustrates the strength of attachment between a child (one year old) and (typically) his or her mother Four major patterns:  Secure, avoidant, ambivalent ( 矛盾 ), and disorganized-disoriented ( 混亂迷妄 )

9. 9 Patterns of Attachment a. Secure attachment pattern  a style that children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease ( 放心 ) when she is present  When mother leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns

10. 10 Patterns of Attachment (cont’d) b. Avoidant attachment pattern ( 逃避依附模式 )  Children do not seek proximity ( 親近 ) to the mother  After the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behaviour

11. 11 Patterns of Attachment (cont’d) c. Ambivalent attachment pattern ( 矛盾依附模式 ) Children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers Show great distress ( 悲痛 ) when the mother leaves Upon mother’s return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her

12. 12 Patterns of Attachment (cont’d) d. Disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern ( 混亂迷妄依附模式 ) Children show inconsistent, often contradictory behaviour ( 顯示不一致甚至相反行為 ) Such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her The least securely attached

13. 13 Questions for reflection What are the advantages and disadvantages of employing foreign domestic helpers or grandfather or grandmother to take care of infant babies? In order for the infants to have a sense of security when developing attachment, what roles should the mother, grandfather or grandmother and the foreign domestic helper perform?

14. 14 Personality Development Personality: The sum total of the enduring ( 持久的 ) characteristics that differentiate one individual from another Freud: Oral stage (birth to 12–18 months) Gratification of the infant’s need for food and oral stimulation as vital Anal stage (12-18 months – 3 years) Instinctual energies shift to the anal region of the body Toilet training

15. 15 Erikson Basic Trust versus Mistrust stage (birth to 18 months) The period during which infant develop a sense of trust or mistrust, Largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers Virtue/strength: Hope

16. 16 Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (18 months to 3 years) The period during which toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore Shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected Virtue/strength: Will