1. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 181 Micrometeorological models applied to growth and production of Grapevine Claudio Cassardo 1, Caterina Francone 1, Tiziana La Iacona 2, Federico Spanna 2, Matteo Monchiero 3, Irene Vercellino 3 Micrometeorological models applied to growth and production of Grapevine Claudio Cassardo 1, Caterina Francone 1, Tiziana La Iacona 2, Federico Spanna 2, Matteo Monchiero 3, Irene Vercellino 3 1 Department of Physics, University of Torino, Italy 2 Phytosanitary Service, Regione Piemonte, Torino, Italy 3 Centre of Competence for the Agroenvironmental Innovation (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Italy

2. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 182 MASGRAPE adoption of a Multidisciplinary Approach to Study the GRAPEvine agro-ecosystem: analysis of biotic and abiotic factors able to influence yield and quality of wine Development of instruments for vineyard management and wine quality improvement Phytopathologists Physiologists Entomologists Agronomists Physicists Chemicals Wine companies Project Phases Experimental activity Numerical modeling The project

3. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 183 Growing seasons 2008-2009-2010 Experimental measurements carried out in three vineyards Varieties: Nebbiolo and Barbera Regions: Monferrato and Langhe Directly measured variables: CONTINUOUSLY Air temperature and humidity PAR (Photosynthetically active radiation) Wind velocity and direction Soil temperature and humidity Net radiation BIMONTHLY Physiological variables (dry matter) Point gaseous exchanges The experimental activity Cocconato Fubine Castiglion Falletto

4. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 184 LAI2000 Li-Cor Experimental setup Multi PAR probe Tecno-El Lcpro+ LiCor ECH2O EC-TM Decagon Photosintetic Light Temp Smart Sensor Pro RH and Temp Hobo Data from: Agrometeorological network, Regione Piemonte Meteohydrographic network, ARPA Piemonte

5. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 185 Use of ultrasonic anemometers Corrections for: -Too high temperatures -Tilted positionment with respect to the active surface Need to evaluate the fluxes with respect to the streamline plane Execution of a planar fit: mean values over a “long” (30 min) period in order to avoid short term variations -z axis is fixed (perpendicular to the plane) -x-y axes vary in the time: u wind speed is aligned along the mean wind speed (// to the plane) Turbulence measurements Solent R2 Gill Ins. KH2O Campbell

6. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 186 Meteorological behavior 2008-2009 Precipitation Temperature Relative humidity

7. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 187 Sensible heat fluxes in the three sites (2009) ------ Cocconato -- -- Castiglion Falletto - - - Fubine

8. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 188 Vegetation parameters 2008 - 2009 Vegetation height Vegetation cover LAI

9. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 189 University of TOrino model of land Process Interaction with Atmosphere New version (2010) of LSPM (Land Surface Process Model) (Cassardo et al., 1992) 1-D diagnostic model Vegetation – 1 layer ( “BIG LEAF”) Vegetation classes characterized by: Minimum stomatal resistance Leaf diameter Root depth Albedo Emissivity Height Cover Leaf Area Index (LAI) The UTOPIA model

10. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 1810 Turbulent fluxes, flux-gradient law by analogy with Ohm's Law Heat flux physics in UTOPIA H = H f +H g Sensible heat flux for a vegetated surface Latent heat flux for a vegetated surface HfHf HgHg H

11. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 1811  Calculation of energy budget components:  using traditional initialization of vegetation parameters  using observations for initializing vegetation parameters  Comparison with observations  Net radiation  Sensible heat flux  Latent heat flux  Sensitivity analysis on vegetation parameters in order to investigate the most critical ones The experiments with UTOPIA

12. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 1812 UTOPIA simulations: energy balance 2008 - 2009 Latent HF Sensible HF Soil HF Net radiation 2008 2009

13. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 1813 UTOPIA simulations: vegetation parameters 2008 - 2009 Vegetation height LAI Vegetation cover Value of the vegetation class vineyards Measured value

14. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 1814 UTOPIA: comparison with different initializations transpiration 2008 - 2009 2009 modello classe veg. modello misure veg. 2008 Model using a specific vegetation class Model using measured data for some variables

15. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 1815 Comparison between UTOPIA and measurements – 2009 modello classe veg. modello misure veg. r 2 0.91 r 2 0.86 Sensible HF Net radiation Francone et al., 2010. Preliminary Results on the Evaluation of Factors Influencing Evapotranspiration Processes in Vineyards. Water, 2, 916-937

16. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 1816 Sensitivity analysys on parameters used by UTOPIA For describing vegetation processes a)Net Radiation (W m -2 ) b)Sensible Heat Flux (Wm -2 ) c)Latent Heat Flux (W m -2 ) d)Soil-Veg Heat Flux (W m -2 ) e)Transpiration (W m -2 ) Francone et. al, 2011. Sensitivity analysis based investigation of the behaviour of the UTOPIA land surface process model. A case study for vineyards in northern Italy. Submitted.

17. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 1817 Infections in the three sites during 2009 At Fubine and Cocconato, the intensity and spread of downy mildew attacks was evaluated. The first symptoms occurred around June 20 th, following the rains in the first half of June. On June 30 th, at Fubine more than two third of leaves (corresponding to more than 10% of total leaf area) were affected for Barbera, and sligthly less for Nebbiolo. At Cocconato, the percentages were sligthly lower Due to the several rainfall events occurred in July, at Fubine almost every night the leaves were wet for few hours. Thus the disease spread on about 90% of leaves for Barbera and three quarters for Nebbiolo At Cocconato, the observed nocturnal leaf wetness was lower or absent, causing the intensity of the attack to decrease to three fifties for Barbera and one quarter for Nebbiolo These preliminary results show that microclimatic factors can consistently affect the quality of the wine, altering the conditions in which the fruits maturate Further deeper analyses are required to get more quantitative results, however these results evidence the impact of microclimate and, considering the effects of climate change, pose several threatens for the possible impacts on the wine quality Table 1 - Downy mildew infection trend detected on Fubine and Cocconato vineyards (2009)

18. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 1818 Conclusions Meteorological behaviors are similar in the three sites, with interannual variations larger than site-to-site variations:  2009 warmer and drier than 2008  2009 heat wave one month earlier than in 2008 Micrometeorological measurements allow detecting some local differences:  Cocconato is the driest site  In Cocconato soil and air are warmer starting from mid July (  importance of soil texture and site orientation)  effects on sensible heat flux The application of UTOPIA model at local scale can provide a wide range of variables difficult to measure extensively in the wine regions  These parameters can be linked with wine quality  Need to check UTOPIA to be confident on these values – critical points are:  Influence of tilting on solar radiation  Initial/boundary conditions of vegetation parameters (LAI, cover, height, …)  Accurate description of soil texture The micrometeorological measurements, as well as model output, can be used to understand the vineyard microclimate and to assess some factors relevant for determining the must quality

19. 11th EMS / 10th ECAM - Berlin 2011 / 1819