1. Efficacy of Flameless Catalytic Infrared Radiation Energy Against Different Life Stages of Insects Khamis Moses, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Dogan Hulya and Gwirtz Jeff Department of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506

2.  Introduction  Hypothesis: How do different ages of stored product insects respond to flameless catalytic infrared radiation?  Objective 1: Age Grading of internal insects using Faxitron and X-ray microtomography  Materials and method  Results  Objective 2: Infrared treatment  Materials and method  Results  Conclusion

3. Infrared Energy  Electromagnetic spectrum; radiation energy with wavelength longer than visible light but shorter than microwave  Water molecules absorb highest mid-infrared (2.8 μm and 7 μm) energy  Differential heating: insects vs grain

4. Current Pest Management Problems   Ban on organophosphates pesticides (phosphine)   Development of insect resistance to some of the available pesticides   Pesticides residues in foods   Lack of international consensus on some pesticides use   Ineffectiveness of some pesticides against certain life stages of insects

5. Previous research  Old infrared heaters used natural gas or propane gas combusted over ceramic panels with temperatures close to 926°C  Such high temperatures are unsafe for grain handling facilities  No sufficient research to determine how the different insects ages were affected by infrared radiation  Banjo thermometer was used to read grain temperature.  Wheat, wheat product qualities were not evaluated

6. Infrared for stored grain insect control  Flameless infrared energy is a “ green ” technology, there are no regulated emissions, only products are water, heat and carbon dioxide  Kills external and internal stored-grain insects  Kills microorganisms  It is a rapid method (insects are killed in less than 60s)  Flameless catalytic infrared heater is cheaper

7. Research objectives  Determine factors affecting efficacy of infrared radiation against eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of three stored-grain insect species  Evaluate effects of infrared radiation on wheat germination  Evaluate effects of infrared on mold counts  Evaluate effect of infrared radiation on quality of wheat and wheat flour and products made from infrared-exposed grain  Conduct an economic analysis of treatment effectiveness

8. Faxitron Age grading

9. Pupae of Lesser grain borer

10. Pupae of Rice weevil

11. Tunnel width (mm) Lesser grain borer Rice weevil __________________________________ Age (Days) 70.24 ± 0.03* 0.26 ± 0.01 140.34 ± 0.01 0.57 ± 0.03 210.40 ± 0.02 0.72 ± 0.01 240.53 ± 0.0 1.39 ± 0.01 28 0.61 ± 0.02 Emerged * Observed on the eighth and ninth day

12. X-ray microtomography Skyscan Source: www.microphotonic.com

13. XMT Principle Source: www.microphotonics.com

14. Pupae of LGB with XMT

15. Pupae of RW with XMT

17. Factors evaluated where;-  Different insects ages (Eggs to adults)  Distance of grain from surface heater, (8.0 and 12.7 cm)  Quantities of grains (113.5 and 227.0 g)  Exposure time (45 and 60 seconds) Infrared treatment and insects mortality

18. Bench top infrared heater Materials and methods A Company based in Independence KS; www.catalticdrying.com designs commercial scale flameless catalytic heaters for specific uses www.catalticdrying.com

19. Typical Temperature Profile

20. Mean no. adults that emerged from control Age (days)Grain qty (g)R. dominicaT. castaneumS. oryzae Mean ± SE 0113.5443 ± 32.643 ± 5.9271 ± 18.0 0227582 ± 13.549 ± 3.4340 ± 28.2 7113.5241 ± 22.5100 ± 1.0221 ± 15.8 7227541 ± 24.1101 ± 1.0347 ± 21.7 14113.5302 ± 22.4100 ± 2.0254 ± 13.8 14227502 ± 17.298 ± 4.0336 ± 23.4 21113.5145 ± 52.2100 ± 0.3225 ± 22.6 21113.5240 ± 33.2103 ± 1.0381 ± 17.4 24113.5231 ± 62.199 ± 1.0249 ± 46.7 24227451 ± 40.0102 ± 2.0374 ± 11.9 28113.5256 ± 51.2360 ± 31.0 28227490 ± 11.9412 ± 15.6 ** n =3

21. Mortality for all ages

22. Factors and their interactions EffectDFChiSqPr>ChiSq _______________________________________________ Age6642.6<0.0001 Quantity1323.1<0.0001 Distance1342.7<0.0001 Time1223.8<0.0001 Age x Quantity6154.7<0.0001 Age x Distance6281.5<0.0001 Age x Time6565.6<0.0001 Distance x Quantity182.8<0.0001 Quantity x Time 1 47.1<0.0001 Distance x Time184.0<0.0001 Lesser grain borer

23. Odds of death

25. Red flour beetle EffectDFChiSqPr>ChiSq ____________________________________________ Age526.7<0.0001 Quantity167.9<0.0001 Distance151.3<0.0001 Time197.7<0.0001 Age x Quantity534.8<0.0001 Age x Distance618.1<0.0001 Age x Time644.3<0.0001 Distance x Quantity18.4<0.0001 Distance x Time113.3<0.0001

28. Rice weevil EffectDFChiSqPr>ChiSq _______________________________________________ Age61404.5<0.0001 Quantity118.10<0.0001 Distance1111.6<0.0001 Time12.50.1111 Age x Quantity689.60<0.0001 Age x Distance6144.4<0.0001 Age x Time6182.2<0.0001 Distance x Quantity112.00 0.0005 Quantity x Time 147.10<0.0001

30. Insects mortality  It is a function of temperature  Longer treatment time, shorter distance and small quantity of grain all influenced the attained temperature and mortality  Overall (by species), lesser grain borer was the most tolerant to infrared treatment, followed by, red flour beetle then rice weevil  Eggs of rice weevil were the most tolerant to infrared radiation  Old larvae of all species more tolerant to infrared energy than young ones  Pharate adults of lesser grain borer were more resistant than the adults

31. Current work  Quality evaluation of wheat grain, such as proximate analysis, rheological properties of flour and bread quality  Effect of flameless catalytic infrared radiation on mold and wheat germination  Economic analysis of data is yet to be done

32. Acknowledgement  Research was funded by USDA/CSREES-NC-IPM grant

33. Thank You