1. Sara Hendershot Agroecology Internship Penn State University August 11, 2003

2. “And energy is superhuman in the sense that humans cannot create it. They can only refine or convert it. And they are bound to it by one of the paradoxes of religion. They cannot have it except by losing it; they cannot use it except by destroying it…Perhaps from an “objective” point of view it is incorrect to say that we can destroy energy. We can only change it. Or we can destroy it also by wasting it – that is, by changing it into a form in which we cannot use it again.” ~ Wendell Berry, “The Use of Energy,” The Unsettling of America, 1977

3. Steve Moore, Harmony Essentials, July 2003

4.  Pest Control  Compost (manure, leaves)  Irrigation  Transportation  Human Labor  Embodied Energy of Tools

5.  All data is presented based on 100 square feet beds (20’ X 5’)  Study focuses on 4 crops: Onions, lettuce, broccoli, and carrots  Time in labor was recorded per crop over past 10 weeks  Tool usage was also logged for each crop

6. Activity Factors ** ActivityCal/lb/hr Category men women very light.68.60 light1.321.17 moderate1.961.88 heavy3.813.52 ** Duhan, David. One Circle, 1985 Calories = Labor time x Activity Factor x weight Very light – standing activities…seeding, “pricking out”, etc. Light – transplanting, harvesting, etc. Moderate – weeding, U- barring, etc. Heavy – double digging, strenuous lifting, etc.

7. Yield (lbs)/bedCalories/lbCalories/bed 159528268 Activities: Seeding, “pricking out”, bed preparation, transplanting, weeding, & harvesting OUTPUT LABOR INPUT Total Labor Time Calories Expended/bed 108 minutes293 calories

8. Activities: Seeding in flats, “pricking out”, bed preparation, transplanting, weeding, & harvesting Yield (lbs)/bedCalories/lbCalories/bed 501135650 OUTPUT LABOR INPUT Total Labor Time Calories Expended/bed 170 minutes492 calories

9. Yield (lbs)/bedCalories/lbCalories/bed 41915765,783 Activities: seeding, bed preparation, transplanting, weeding, & harvesting OUTPUT LABOR INPUT Total Labor Time Calories Expended/bed 147 minutes567 calories

10. Activities: Bed preparation, seeding, weeding, & harvesting Yield (lbs)/bedCalories/lbCalories/bed 48715675,972 Total Labor Time Calories Expended/bed 127 minutes459 calories OUTPUT LABOR INPUT

11. Digging Fork (D handle) U-Bar (30" W) Garden Rake Stirrup Hoe (7") Trapezoid Hoe (6.5") 4 row seeder 5 prong cultivator Kaman (hand harvest sythe) Harvest sheep sheers 6 prong pitch fork

12. Tools Weight (Steel) lbs Calories / tool for production Cal/tool for manufacture and assembly* Total embodied energy for steel in each tool useful life (years) Embodied energy per year (Calories) Digging Fork (D handle) 3.523856319227048251082 Garden Rake 3.523856319227048251082 Stirrup Hoe (7") 213632182415456101546 Trapezoid Hoe (6.5") 0.855794775656951314 U-Bar (30" W) 35.5241968323762743442510974 4 row seeder 2.61772223712009325804 5 prong cultivator 2.11431419151622925649 Kaman (hand harvest sythe) 1.81226916421391025556 Harvest sheep sheers 0.64090547463725185 6 prong pitch fork 2.51704022801932025773

13. Tool Weight (wood) lbs Calories / tool for harvest and transport** Cal/tool for wood drying, working and assembly Total embodied energy for wood in each tool useful life (years) Wood embodied energy in calories per year Digging Fork (D handle) 111001320242010242 Garden Rake 1.2513751650302510302.5 Stirrup Hoe (7") 1.2513751650302510302.5 Trapezoid Hoe (6.5") 1.2513751650302510302.5 4 row seeder 1.516501980363010363 5 prong cultivator 1.112101452266210266.2 Kaman (hand harvest sythe) 0.252753306051060.5 6 prong pitch fork 1.516501980363010363

14. Digging Fork (D handle)29,468 U-Bar (30" W)27,344 4 row seeder23,723 6 prong pitch fork22,950 5 prong cultivator18,891 Stirrup Hoe (7")18,481 Garden Rake16,549 Kaman (hand harvest sythe)14,515 Trapezoid Hoe (6.5")9,594 Harvest sheep sheers4,637

15. Lettuce 145 calories Broccoli 222 calories Onions 307 calories Carrots 240 calories Calculation: Sum energy of tools x bed crop = Energy of tools 52 weeks weeks needed for crop / yr Energy of tools / 313 beds = Energy of tools per crop bed

16. CropEmbodied Energy in Tools Labor Energy Total Energy (Cal. Input) Lettuce145.42293.2439 Broccoli221.84491.88714 Onions306.59567.31874 Carrots240.26459.29700

17. CropTotal Energy (Cal. Input) Yield (Calorie Output) Lettuce4398,268 Broccoli7145,650 Onions87465,783 Carrots70075,972

18.  Leaf/Fruit crops yielded an average of 12x more energy than was invested  Root crops yielded an average of 92x more energy than was invested ! !

19.  investigate energetics of compost, irrigation, pest control, and transportation  accurate comparison of conventional and mechanized organic farming to biointensive practices  effects of labor requirements based on farm size

20. Duhon, David. “Solving the Diet” One Circle, Ecology Action, Willets, CA 1985, pp25-26. Jeavons, John. “Master Charts”, How to Grow More Vegetables. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley CA, 2002, pp 88-92. Miller, G. Tyler. Living in our Environment, 8th Ed. Wadsworth Publishing, Belmont CA, 1994, p 365. Moore, Steve. Personal Correspondence, June-August 2003.* Pimentel, David, “Energy Inputs in Production Agriculture” in Fluck, Richard D., Ed, Energy in Farm Production, Elsevier Press, New York 1992, p 24. Pimentel, David. Personal Correspondence via email, July- August 2003