1. OCEANOGRAPHIC EXPLORERS and INSTITUTIONS

2. Ocean Exploration Video

3. JOHN HARRISON ( )
Invented the marine chronometer, making travel at sea safer by allowing longitude to be accurately calculated.

4. “TAINTED DISCOVERER” BEN FRANKLIN (1706-1790)
Published and got credit for a map of the Gulf Stream that Timothy Folger developed.

5. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK ( )
British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy.
In three voyages Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously achieved.

6. MATTHEW FONTAINE MAURY (1806-1873)
Born in Fredricksburg, VA.
Joined the USN at age 19
Professor of Meteorology at VMI
Published The Physical Geography of the Sea, in 1855 – called the 1st modern oceanography textbook

7. FRIDTJOF NANSEN ( )
Designed the first boat capable of withstanding ice pressure.
Mapped the Arctic Ocean by purposely getting frozen into sea ice and drifting across the ocean for 3 years.
Invented the Nansen Bottle for water sampling.

8. ERNEST SHACKLETON ( )
A polar explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic.
Attempted to sail the continent from sea to sea but his ship, the Endurance, got crushed in pack ice – all survived.

9. JACQUES COUSTEAU ( )
The most famous undersea explorer in the world.
Invented SCUBA
Pioneered unaided deep sea diving and underwater photography.
Filmed over 150 TV documentaries and wrote over 50 books.
Cousteau Foundation was founded in 1973.

10. SYLVIA EARLE ( )
Explorer in Residence at the National Geographic Society
Former chief scientist of NOAA
Called “Her Deepness” because she is the deepest diver in the world right now
Has led 70 expeditions and has logged over 6,500 hours underwater

11. ROBERT BALLARD ( )
Among the most accomplished and well known of the world's deep-sea explorers.
Best known for his historic discoveries of hydrothermal vents, the sunken R.M.S. Titanic, the German battleship Bismarck, and numerous other contemporary and ancient shipwrecks around the world.

12. HISTORICAL SEA VOGAGES HMS BEAGLE (1831-1836)
Mission was to map the coastline of southern South America and take oceanographic measurements.
Charles Darwin categorized thousands of species during the 5-year voyage.

13. HISTORICAL SEA VOGAGES GLOMAR CHALLENGER
Launched March of 1968.
Deep sea research and scientific drilling vessel for oceanography and marine geology studies.
Samples obtained by scientists on this drilling ship provided confirming evidence for seafloor spreading and plate tectonics.

14. HISTORICAL SUBMERSIBLES TRIESTE (1960)
Bathyscaphe
Her crew of two reached a record maximum depth of about 35,797 ft., in the deepest known part of the Earth’s oceans, the Challenger Deep, in the Mariana Trench.

15. HISTORICAL SUBMERSIBLES ALVIN (1964 – PRESENT)
Manned deep ocean research submersible.
Has made over 4,400 dives.
Aided in finding the sunken Titanic.
First observed hydrothermal vents.

16. RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS SCRIPPS Institution of Oceanography
San Diego, CA
Research spans the realms of sea, air, land, and life in efforts to determine how Earth systems work and interact.
Over 300 research projects going on now.

17. RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS WHOI – Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Largest private non-profit oceanographic institution in the world.
Located in Woods Hole, MA.
Largest fleet of research ships and submersibles.
Robert Ballard is affiliated with WHOI.

18. RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS VIMS – VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE
Part of William & Mary
Conducts interdisciplinary research in coastal ocean and estuarine science, educates students and citizens, and provides advisory services to policy makers, industry, and the public.

19. Federal agency focused on the condition of the oceans and atmosphere
RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS NOAA – NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
Federal agency focused on the condition of the oceans and atmosphere
Fisheries management, climate monitoring, severe storm warnings, daily weather forecasts

20. RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS Office of Naval Research
Coordinates, executes, and promotes the science and technology programs of the United States Navy and Marine Corps.
Highest-funded institute for oceanographic research

21. RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS ODU - CENTER FOR COASTAL PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Promote research on the physical oceanography of the coastal ocean and related oceanographic processes
The coastal ocean is the focus of increasing research for reasons relating to both short-term anthropogenic impacts and long-term global change.