1. CRIME AND DEVIANCE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION IS TAKEN FROM HOLMES HUGHES & JULIAN AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY – A CHANGING SOCIETY

2. NOT EVERY CRIME IS REPORTED MOST ARRESTS & CONVICTIONS RELATE TO RELATIVELY MINOR OFFENCES EG. THEFT & TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS (ROACH ANLEU:2006:225) TOTAL NUMBER OF INMATES IN AUSTRALIAN PRISONS REACHED OVER 30,000 (5/12/2013 ABS). NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE – 821 PER 100,000 ADULTS INCARCERATED, FOLLOWED BY WA WITH 256 PER 100,000. ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT PEOPLE COMPRISED JUST OVER A QUARTER OF THE TOTAL PRISONER POPULATION (ABS 5/12/13) NOT EVERY CRIME THAT IS RECORDED IS INVESTIGATED NOT EVERY CRIME YIELDS A SUSPECT NOT EVERY SUSPECT IS APPREHENDED NOT EVERY PERSON BROUGHT BEFORE THE COURTS IS CHARGED NOT EVERY CONVICGTED PERSON IS IMPRISONED

3. MOST COMMON FEMALE OFFENCES ILLICIT DRUG OFFENCES (18%) ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY (17%) UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (10%) MOST COMMON MALE OFFENCES ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY(20%) SEXUAL ASSAULT (15%0 UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (15%)

4. WHITE COLLAR CRIME “A CRIME COMMITTED BY A PERSON OF RESPECTABILITY AND HIGH STATUS IN THE COURSE OF HIS OCCUPATION” (ROACH ANLEU:2006:357) FOR EXAMPLE: EMBEZZLEMENT, FRAUD, INSIDER TRADING, VIOLATION OF TAXATION http://www.aic.gov.au/crime_community/c ommunitycrime/costs.htmlhttp://www.aic.gov.au/crime_community/c ommunitycrime/costs.html accessed 8/4/14

5. The Australian Institute on Crime (AIC) estimates that crime costs Australia nearly $36 billion a year – some 4.1 per cent of the nation’s gross domestic product. 40% of this is the result of fraud, which costs some $8.5 billion, and which has increased significantly in recent years. Burglary is next at 10 %, followed by drug offences(9 %), arson (8%) and assault (7 %).

6. GENDER: WOMEN & CRIME AT 30 JUNE 2013, THE NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 821 PRISONERS PER 100,000 ADULT POPULATION, FOLLOWED BY WESTERN AUSTRALIA AT 256 PRISONERS PER 100,000 ADULT POPULATION. THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY HAD THE LOWEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 118 PRISONERS PER 100,000 ADULT POPULATION. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4517.0~2013~Main%20Features~Imprisonment%20Rates~24

7. REASONS FOR RISING RATE OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT TREND TO LENGTHIER SENTENCING HIGHER PROPORTION OF WOMEN ON REMAND INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF DRUG AND PROPERTY OFFENCES INCREASE IN ASSAULTS MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE PRISONERS HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIME (INCEST, SEXUAL ABUSE) HOMELESSNESS IS COMMON THEREFORE PRISONER EDUCATION IS SIGNIFICANT IN THE LIVES OF INMATE WOMEN ( SPARK & HARRIS:2005:157 IN HOLMES, HUGHES & JULIAN 2007:336)

8. YOUTH AND CRIME THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13, ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAY. ABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS, WILLIAM MILNE, SAID TODAY'S RECORDED CRIME – OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED, THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR. "THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR. "THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1,916 OFFENDERS PER 100,000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1,958. IN COMPARISON, THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3,422 OFFENDERS PER 100,000 PERSONS TO 3,221,” SAID MR MILNE.

9. YOUTH CRIME (CONT.) DURING 2012-13, POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391,117 OFFENDERS, WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304,777) OF THE TOTAL. THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12,588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1,902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD. THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT, ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS. THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT, OR 72,703 OFFENDERS). http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@. nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4519.0~2012- 13~Media%20Release~Youth%20offenders%20decrease%20by%206%20per%20cent%20(Media%20Release)~8

10. INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATE’S COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU:1999:145) THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE & HABIBIS:2005:259) RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR:2001:9)

11. WHY? TWO EXPLANATIONS: 1. ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION. 2. IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE & HABIBIS:2005:262) OTHER: ALCOHOL, ILLICIT DRUG USE, CULTURAL DISLOCATION

12. INDIGENOUS DETENTION MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, ACCOUNTING FOR 24% OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008. INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES. IN 2008, THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4,201 PER 100,000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100,000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA, NSW AND SA.

13. FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES, BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND JURISDICTION, AUSTRALIA, 2009 http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/population- groups/men/reviews/our-review

14. INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE: INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008; INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES); THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 31.7 YEARS, 4.6 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (36.3 YEARS); AND

15. INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33% SINCE 1997, BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED, WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT, WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA, SA AND NSW

16. Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders, Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood. Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles, by Indigenous status and jurisdiction, Australia, 2008 Source: Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision,

17. IMMIGRANTS & CRIME COUNTRY OF BIRTH AT 30 JUNE 2013, ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25%). THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3%). IMMIGRANTS & CRIME

18. NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270). FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS, THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284). THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165).

19. OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES & CRIMINALITY IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE:1999:1)

20. WEBSITES HTTP://WWW.AIC.GOV.AU/CRIME_COMMUNITY/COMMUNITYCRIME/COSTS.HTML ACCESSED 8/4/14 HTTP://WWW.AIC.GOV.AU/CRIME_COMMUNITY/COMMUNITYCRIME/COSTS.HTML ACCESSED 8/4/14 HTTP://WWW.ABS.GOV.AU/AUSSTATS/ABS@.NSF/LOOKUP/BY%20SUBJECT/4517.0~2013~ MAIN%20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT%20RATES~24 HTTP://WWW.ABS.GOV.AU/AUSSTATS/ABS@.NSF/LOOKUP/BY%20SUBJECT/4517.0~2013~ MAIN%20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT%20RATES~24 HTTP://WWW.ABS.GOV.AU/AUSSTATS/ABS@. NSF/LOOKUP/BY%20SUBJECT/4519. 0~2012- 13~MEDIA%20RELEASE~YOUTH%20OFFENDERS%20DECREASE%20BY%206%20PER%20CENT %20(MEDIA%20RELEASE)~8

21. REFERENCES - TEXTS HOLMES D., HUGHES K., JULIAN R., (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY – A CHANGING SOCIETY, AUSTRALIA, PEARSON ROACH ANLEU, S. (1999) DEVIANCE, CONFORMITY & SOCIAL CONTROL, MELBOURNE, LONGMAN WHITE R. & HABIBIS D. (2005) CRIME & SOCIETY, MELBOURNE, OUP

22. REFERENCES - JOURNALS GRAYCAR A., (2001) “CRIME AND JUSTICE: CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20 TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIA’, YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTP://WWW.ABS.GOV.AU..AUSSTATS/ABS%40.NSFHTTP://WWW.ABS.GOV.AU..AUSSTATS/ABS%40.NSF MUKHERJEE, S (1999) ‘ETHNICITY & CRIME’, TRENDS & ISSUES IN CRIME & CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 17, CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY.