1. Animal Reproduction & Development

2. Sperm production Spermatogenesis continuous & prolific process
Epididymis
Testis
germ cell
(diploid)
Coiled
seminiferous
tubules
primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
MEIOSIS I
secondary
spermatocytes
(haploid)
MEIOSIS II
Vas deferens
spermatids
(haploid)
spermatozoa
Spermatogenesis
continuous & prolific process
each ejaculation = million sperm
Cross-section of
seminiferous tubule

3. Egg production Oogenesis eggs in ovaries halted before Anaphase 1
Meiosis 1 completed during maturation
Meiosis 2 completed after fertilization
1 egg + 2 polar bodies
unequal divisions
Meiosis 1 completed
during egg maturation
ovulation
What is the advantage of this development system?
Meiosis 2 completed
triggered by fertilization

4. Putting all your egg in one basket!
Oogenesis
MEIOSIS I
MEIOSIS II
first polar body
second
polar body
ovum
(haploid)
secondary
oocyte
primary
(diploid)
germinal cell
primary follicles
mature follicle with
secondary oocyte
ruptured follicle (ovulation)
corpus luteum
developing
follicle
fertilization
fallopian tube
after fertilization

5. Oogenesis Unequal meiotic divisions unequal distribution of cytoplasm
What is the advantage of this development system?
Oogenesis
Unequal meiotic divisions
unequal distribution of cytoplasm
1 egg
2 polar bodies
Meiosis 1 completed
during egg maturation
ovulation
Meiosis 2 completed
triggered by fertilization
Put all your egg in one basket!

6. Differences across kingdoms
Not all organisms use haploid & diploid stages in same way
which one is dominant (2n or n) differs
but still alternate between haploid & diploid
must for sexual reproduction

7. Fertilization fertilization cleavage gastrulation neurulation
organogenesis

8. Fertilization
Joining of sperm & egg
sperm head (nucleus) enters egg

9. Cleavage Repeated mitotic divisions of zygote
1st step to becoming multicellular
unequal divisions establishes body plan
different cells receive different portions of egg cytoplasm & therefore different regulatory signals

10. Cleavage zygote  morula  blastula establishes future development
gastrulation
morula
blastula

11. Gastrulation Establish 3 cell layers ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
gastrulation in primitive chordates
Gastrulation
Establish 3 cell layers
ectoderm
outer body tissues
skin, nails, teeth
nerves, eyes, lining of mouth
mesoderm
middle tissues
blood & lymph, bone & notochord, muscle
excretory & reproductive systems
endoderm
inner lining
digestive system
lining of respiratory, excretory & reproductive systems
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
protostome vs. deuterostome

12. Testing…
All of the following correctly describe the fate of the embryonic layers of a vertebrate EXCEPT
A. neural tube and epidermis develop from ectoderm
B. linings of digestive organs and lungs develop from endoderm
C. notochord and kidneys develop from endoderm
D. skeletal muscles and heart develop from mesoderm
E. reproductive organs and blood vessels develop from mesoderm

13. Testing…
In a study of the development of frogs, groups of cells in the germ layers of several embryos in the early gastrula stage were stained with five different dyes that do not harm living tissue. After organogenesis (organ formation), the location of the dyes was noted, as shown in the table below.
Tissue Stain
Brain Red
Notochord Yellow
Liver Green
Lens of the eye Blue
Lining of the digestive tract Purple

14. Neurulation Formation of notochord & neural tube
develop into nervous system
develops into CNS (brain & spinal cord)
Neural tube
Notochord
develops into vertebral column

15. Organogenesis Umbilical blood vessels Mammalian embryo Chorion
Bird embryo
Amnion
Yolk
sac
Allantois
Fetal blood vessels
Placenta
Maternal blood vessels

16. Placenta
Materials exchange across membranes

17. Human fetal development
4 weeks
7 weeks

18. Human fetal development
10 weeks

19. Human fetal development
12 weeks
20 weeks

20. Human fetal development
The fetus just spends much of the 2nd & 3rd trimesters just growing
…and doing various flip-turns & kicks inside amniotic fluid
Week 20

21. Human fetal development
24 weeks (6 months; 2nd trimester)
fetus is covered with fine, downy hair called lanugo. Its skin is protected by a waxy material called vernix

22. Human fetal development
30 weeks (7.5 months)
umbilical cord

23. Getting crowded in there!!
32 weeks (8 months)
The fetus sleeps 90-95% of the day & sometimes experiences REM sleep, an indication of dreaming

24. positive feedback
Birth

25. Birth (36 weeks) Intestine Placenta Umbilical cord Wall of uterus
Bladder
Cervix
Vagina

26. And you think 9 months of AP Bio is hard!
The end of the journey!
And you think 9 months of AP Bio is hard!