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Published byGodwin Simpson Modified over 9 years ago
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Classifying Life’s Diversity Determining Relationship Part 1
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http://www.morning-earth.org/
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How are Relationships Determined? Relationships among organisms are determined by similarities in – Structure – Breeding behavior – Geographical distribution – Chromosomes – Biochemistry
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Structural Similarities Rosa banksiae Lady Banks' Rose Rosa californica California wild rose Rosa canina Dog Rose
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Structural Similarities Ursus arctos Brown bear Ursus americanus American black bear Ursus maritimus polar bear
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Breeding Behavior Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle
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Breeding Behavior Canis lupus familiaris Dog Canis latrans Coyote
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Geographical Distribution Geospiza conirostris Large Cactus-finch (Galapagos) Geospiza fortis Medium Ground-finch (Galapagos)
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Geographical Distribution Carduelis citrinella Carduelis carduelis European GoldfinchCitril Finch (Europe)
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Chromosome Comparison Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee Gorilla gorilla Gorilla
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Chromosome Comparison Brassica oleracea Cabbage Cauliflower Broccoli
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Biochemistry Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) ≠
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Biochemistry Raccoon (Procyon lotor)
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Biochemistry Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Brown Bear (Ursus arctos)
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Tree of Life and Phylogenetic Classification http://tbi.montana.edu/
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Tree of Life and Phylogenetic Classification Phylogeny- Phylogeny- classifies species, in comparison to other species, based on most basic to most detailed similarities. Tree of Life Tree of Life – Trunk: what all living things have in common – Lateral Branches: what each domain has in common – Individual Branches: what each (taxa) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, or Species has in common Note: each taxa does not contain the given traits of those above it, but contains all the given traits below it.
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Tree of Life Cladistics- Cladistics- classification based on phylogeny that characterizes species (in a given taxon) on a branch of a tree of life. Cladogram- a diagram that Cladogram- a diagram that shows what organisms are closely related to a specific species.
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Classifying Life’s Diversity The Six Kingdoms Part 2
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The Six Kingdoms Prokaryotes – Archaebacteria – Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
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The Six Kingdoms The main factors that determine which kingdom an organism is classified in are – Cellular structure – Means of obtaining energy
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Prokaryotes Prokaryotes- Prokaryotes- unicellular organisms that do not have a true nucleus bound by a membrane. – Archaebacteria – Eubacteria
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Archaebacteria Structure: unicellular; lack membrane-bound nucleus Energy: Heterotrophy Autotrophy – Some chemosynthetic – Others photosynthetic Live in extreme environments Domain Archaea
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Eubacteria Structure: unicellular; lack membrane-bound nucleus Energy: Heterotrophy Autotrophy – Some chemosynthetic – Others photosynthetic Found everywhere but in extreme environments Domain Bacteria
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Protists Structure – Some unicellular; some multicellular – Lack complex organ system Energy – Autotrophy (obtain energy like plants) – Heterotrophy (obtain energy like animals) Domain Eukarya
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Fungi Structure – Some unicellular – Some multicellular Energy – Heterotrophy – Absorb nutrients from organic materials in environment Domain Eukarya
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Plants Structure – Multicellular – Cells contain a cell wall – Complex organisms; contain organ systems Energy – Autotrophy – Photosynthetic Domain Eukarya
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Animals Structure – Multicellular – Complex organisms, contain organ systems Energy – Heterotrophy – Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores Domain Eukarya
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