1. Posture 4

2. Anterior-Posterior View Optimal Alignment

3. In an anterior view the LOG divides the body into two symmetrical halves
The joint axes of the hip, knee, and ankle are equidistant from the LOG
When postural alignment is optimal, little or no muscle activity is required to maintain stability

4. Anterior-Posterior View Derivation From Optimal Alignment

5. Symmetric postural deviations such as bilateral genu valgum cause an abnormal distribution of weight-bearing forces on one side of a joint and increased tensile forces on the other side

6. All of this will cause increased muscular activity and ligamintous stress

7. Knee

8. In genu valgum, the anatomic axes of the femur and tibia are deviated away from optimal vertical alignment
The gravitational moments, which tends to produce motion of the proximal femur laterally and motion of the proximal tibia medially, are greater than normal

9. The lateral portion of the femurs are subjected to compressive stress
As a result the medial knee joint structures are subjected to tensile stress
The lateral portion of the femurs are subjected to compressive stress
These stresses may cause changes in the medial & lateral meniscus

10. The torque acting on the foot in genu valgum tends to produce
1- Pronation of the foot
2- Stress on the medial longitudinal arch
3- Abnormal weight bearing on the posterior medial aspect of the calcaneus

11. Foot & Toes

12. It is characterized by a reduced or absent arch
When one malleolus appear more prominent or lower than the other, a common foot problem known as pes planus, or flatfoot may be present
It is characterized by a reduced or absent arch
Flatfoot may be rigid or flexible

13. It is characterized by a reduced or absent arch
When one malleolus appear more prominent or lower than the other, a common foot problem known as pes planus, or flatfoot may be present
It is characterized by a reduced or absent arch
Flatfoot may be rigid or flexible

14. Rigid flatfoot is a structural deformity that may be hereditary
In rigid flatfoot the medial longitudinal arch is absent in non-weight bearing, toe standing, and normal weight-bearing situations

15. But it reappears during toe standing or non-weight-bearing situations
In flexible flatfoot, the arch is reduced during normal weight bearing situations
But it reappears during toe standing or non-weight-bearing situations

16. In rigid and flexible flatfoot, the talar head is displaced anteriorly, medially, and inferiorly
This causes the depression of the navicular and stretching of the plantar calceneonavicular ligament and the tibialis posterior muscle

17. In the normal foot the medial malleolus, tuberosity of the navicular, and the head of the first metatarsal lie in a straight line called Feiss line

18. The pronated flatfoot results in a relatively overmobile foot that may require muscular contraction during standing
It may also result in increased weight bearing on the second through forth metatarsal heads

19. Flatfoot interferes with push-off during walking because the foots is unable to assume the supinated position and become a rigid lever for push-off in gait
Pronation in a closed kinematic chain causes medial rotation of the tibia and may effect knee joint function

20. The medial longitudenal arch of the foot may be unusually high
A condition called Pes cavus
It may also be flexible or rigid

21. Pes cavus is more stable than flatfoot
But the weight borne on the lateral borders of the foot may stretch the lateral ligaments and the peroneus longus muscle

22. Three pathological conditions of the toes may be observed
Hallux valgus
Claw toe
Hammer toe

23. Hallux valgus is a deformity in which there is a lateral deviation of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
Claw toes is a deformity in which there is hyperextension at the metatarsophalangeal joint combined with flexion of the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints
Hammer toes is a deformity in which there is hyperextension at the metatarsophalangeal joint and the distal interphalangeal joint and flexion in the proximal interphalangeal joint