1. 1 Terms? Surface find Unstratified material Compass drill Secondary context

2. 2 Dilmun and Its Neighbors The 2 nd & 1 st Millennia Evidence Implications Part 3

3. 3 I. Regional Context -S. Mesopotamia -Indus River Valley (3000-1500) -Arabian Sea ( Dilmun and Magan)

4. 4 A. Mesopotamia Textual mat. from 3 rd Millennium, Sargon of Agade Babylonian Reference from Mari (2 nd millennium) Material remains from Meso sites (3 rd -1 st millennia)

5. 5 B. Indus River Valley 3000-1500 New area of research Lang. not deciphered Mohenjo Daro and Harappa

6. 6 Harappa

7. 7 C. Dilmun Locations unknown/debated Changing meaning of terms Historiography of region (ex. Hourani)

8. 8 II. Evidence from Dilmun Sites –Saar –A’aila –Al-Jahhar Burials Seals Small finds: metal, pottery, etc.

9. 9 A. Seals Circular IDS Stone Stamps/tokens

10. 10 Samples of Seals

11. 11 B. Weights 2 sets –Indus River Valley –Mesopotamia

12. 12 C. Pottery Early Dilmun Ware: Grave pots Few ptd pots = limited craftsmen & mass production

13. 13 D. Burials Diversity of type: –Sign.: Poor skeletal remains A’ali: lg graves12 m high –Elite burials? Al-Hajjar: body w/hands over face –Seal necklace –Ceramic grave bowl

14. 14 III. Hejaz (W. Arabia) Arabian sedentism –Depend upon NE/Egypt –Autonomous Survey, limited arch., limited ceramics Domestication of camel 1000 BCE 1 st Millennium, detailed interactions w/NE

15. 15 E. Graves & Settlements Hojlund: –8 mounds= 8 districts –Mari texts: King of Dilmun Crawford: –No pattern: –Graves, no settle –A’aila mystery

16. 16 IV. Implications Hourani’s interpretation question Regional development not dependent upon NE contacts New narrative of trade & development