17. alcohols CH 3 CH 2 OH (ethanol) CH 3 OH methanol

18. ether CH 3 OCH 3 (dimethyl ether) propellant in aerosol cans CH 3 OCH 2 CH 3 methoxyethane or ethyl methyl ether low boiling points

19. aldehydes CH 3 CHO ethanal (acetaldehyde)

20. ketones Butanone or methyl ethyl ketone

21. Carboxylic acid Carboxylic AcidspKa Formic acid (HCO 2 H)3.77 Acetic acid (CH 3 COOH)4.76 Chloroacetic acid (CH 2 ClCO 2 H)2.86 Dichloroacetic acid (CHCl 2 CO 2 H)1.29 Trichloroacetic acid (CCl 3 CO 2 H)0.65 Trifluoroacetic acid (CF 3 CO 2 H)0.5 Oxalic acid (HO 2 CCO 2 H)1.27 Benzoic acid (C 6 H 5 CO 2 H)4.2

22. ester -formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol -used as fragrances

23. amides CH 3 NH 2 (methyl amine) Amine -NH 2

24. nitrile

26. Substitution Reaction – a reaction in which part of a small reacting molecule replaces an atom or a group of atoms on the organic molecule CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 + Cl 2  CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 Cl + HCl propane + chlorine  1-chloropropane + hydrochloric acid H is replaced by a functional group (Cl) CH 3 CH 2 OH + HF  CH 3 CH 2 F + H 2 O Ethanol + hydrofluoric acid  fluoroethane + water

27. Halogenation A halogen is added

28. Addition reactions Breaking a double bond and adding a halogen, a hydrogen halide, or sulfuric acid. H 2 C=CH 2 (g) + Br 2 (l)  BrH 2 C-CH 2 Br(l) Ethene + bromine  1,2-dibromorthane CH 2 =CHCH 3 + HCl  CH 3 CHClCH 3 propene + hydrochloric acid  2-chloropropane

29. Elimination reactions Remove atoms to create double bonds. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH  CH 3 CHCH 2 + H 2 O 1-propanol  propene + water H 2 SO 4

30. Esterification forms an ester by heating a carboxylic acid, R-CO-OH, with an alcohol, R'-OH, while removing the water that is formed.

31. Saponification Ester + base  alcohol + salt fat or oil + base  soap + glycerol

32. Polymers are large molecules containing many identical repeating units (100-1000000) Polymerisation reaction is a repetition reaction which combines many small molecules of monomer (alkene) to form a polymer Addition polymer is a polymer in which the monomer simply add together with no other products formed besides polymer