1. Lecture 1 Sentence Structure

2. Lecture 1 Sentence Structure There two main points in this lecture: 1.1 Clause ElementsClause Elements 1.2 Basic Clause Types and Their Transformation and ExpansionBasic Clause Types and Their Transformation and Expansion

3. 1.1 Clause elements A review on A review on what is Clause 1) Subject and predicateand 2) Two Ways of Sentence AnalysisTwo

4. A review on what is Clause: The clause (the simple sentence) : structurally a sequence of phrases logically a construction of “subject + predicate”.

5. 1) Subject and predicate  A full-fledged clause can generally be divided into two parts: the subject and the predicate.subject predicate Henry is the most studious (diligent) in the class. SubjectPredicate All the men have done their best. Mr. Carter will investigate further. Henry All the men Mr. Carter have done their best will investigate further is the most studious(diligent)in the class

6. The subject:  the topic or theme of the sentence, tells of what the sentence is about (known information).  The subject is generally realized by a noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase

7. The Predicate:  says something about the subject and bears the new information (the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or reader).  The construction of the predicate, which is more complicated, generally consists of a verb phrase with or without complementation.

8. 2) Two Ways of Sentence Analysis 1. To divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and adverbial. These elements together with the subject make the five clause elements. Predicate Predicate Verb Object Complement Adverbial Subject Five Clause Elements ﹢ ﹢ 1 2 3 4 5

9. 2) Two Ways of Sentence Analysis 2. To divide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the predication. The operator  the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase The predication  the main verb with its complementation Object / Complement / Adverbial

10. 1.2 Basic Clause Types and Their Transformation and Expansion  In terms of the different combinations of clause elements, English clauses can be classified into seven basic types.seven basic types  Innumerable authentic sentences are structured on the basis of these clause types. structured

11. 1) Basic Clause Types  The seven basic clause types are: SVC SV SVA SVO SVOA SVoO SVOC These seven combinations of clause elements are wholly or largely determined by the Main Verb in the clause.

12. SVC:SVC:  The main verb in an SVC pattern is a Linking / Copula Verb which must be followed by a Subject Complement. That car is mine. She is in good health.

13. SV / SVA :  The main verb in an SV pattern is an Intransitive Verb which is not to be followed by any obligatory element except for a limited number of intransitive verbs which require an obligatory Adverbial, thus constituting the pattern SVA. Every body laughed. The children are sleeping. I live in Beijing. The train leaves at six.

14. SVO / SVOA :  The main verb in an SVO pattern is a Monotransitive which must be followed by an object, and with some monotransitives the object must be followed by an obligatory adverbial, thus constituting the pattern SVOA. Nobody could answer the question. Liverpool won the game. I put the material evidence in front of her. He treated her vilely.

15. SVoO:SVoO:  The main verb in an SVoO pattern is a Ditransitive Verb which is to be followed by two objects: Indirect and Direct Object. Mary lent me her car. I made myself a cup of tea.

16. SVOC:SVOC:  The main verb in an SVOC pattern is a complex transitive verb which must be followed by an object + object complement. We made him our spokesman. They elected him president.

17. 2) Transformation and Expansion of Basic Clause Types Ways of Transformation: The basic clause types are all affirmative statements with verbs in the active voice. Negative Question Passive Voice Affirmative Statement Active Voice

18. Ways of Expansion: 1.adding modifiers at various levelsadding modifiers 2.by coordination and subordinationand

19. 1. adding modifiers at various levels modifiersclause phrases words ﹢ modifiers ﹢ ﹢

20. 2. by coordination and subordination clause ﹢ coordination subordination clause subordination compound sentence complex sentence compound complex sentence

21. Example: How many clauses? When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously, but, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. reports came into London Zoo wild puma had been spotted forty-five a miles south of Londonthey were not taken seriouslythe evidence began to accumulateexperts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigatethe descriptions were extraordinarily similar given by peoplewho claimed to have seen the puma C2 C1 C4 C3 C6 C5 C7 When butas for who

22. C3C5 C4C6 C7 C1 C2 Coordinate Subordinate The Structure of Sentence 1 When that but asfor who

23. C1 reports came into London Zoo

24. C2 a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London

25. C3 they were not taken seriously

26. C4 the evidence began to accumulate

27. C5 experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate

28. C6 the descriptions given by people were extraordinarily similar

29. C7 who claimed to have seen the puma

30. Sentence 2  Furthermore, he (a successful scientist) is not only critical of the work of others, but also of his own, since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb impartial and objective investigation. C2 C1 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3C4 Main Clause Subordinate Clause Adverbial Object since that and

31. Sentence 3  I know of many cases where having no children the husband after middle age wanted to take a concubine, but because the wife refused to give her consent, desisted. C1 C2 C3 C1 SVO Iknow ofmany cases C2 where Appositive C3 because Adverbial Complex Clause Simple Clause Simple Sentence

32. Sentence 4  I know even of a case where the husband, because he did not want to exact this mark of selflessness from his wife who was sick and in bad health, refused, when urged by the wife, to take a concubine, but the wife, without his knowledge and consent, not only bought a concubine, but actually forced him to take the concubine into the house. C1 Appositive Adverbial Post Modifier C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 I SV O know even ofa case C2 C5 where but C3 C4 because who

33. Exercise 1 A Identify the clause elements in the following sentences:  Model:  why should I have to take out the trash? A. Subject: I B. Predicate Verb: should have to take out

34. 1.  Joshua quickly finished his homework and went out to play. A. Object: B. Adverbial: his homework quickly ， to play

35. 2.  The huge black horse easily won the race. A. Subject: B. Object: The huge black horse the race

36. 3.  People have though about going into space for many years. A. Predicate Verb: B. Object: have though about going into space

37. 4. TThe snake warms up and crawls out of the bag. A. Predicate Verb: B. Adverbial: warms up and crawls out of the bag

38. 5.  Saturn is one of the most beautiful planets to look at through a telescope because of the many rings that surround it. A. Complement: B. Adverbial: one of the most beautiful planets to look at through a telescope because of the many rings that surround it

39. 6.  Neptune takes 165 years to complete its path, or orbit, around the sun. A. Object: B. Adverbial: 165 years to complete its path, or orbit, around the sun

40. 7.  How many pairs of shorts should you and your brother bring? A. Subject: B. Object: you and your brother How many pairs of shorts

41. 8.  What is the most expensive meal listed on the menu? A. Subject: B. Complement: the most expensive meal listed on the menu What

42. 9. TThe boy scouts teach their members an “out-door code” before the camp. A. Direct Object: B. Indirect Object: an “out-door code” their members

43. 10.  Hurricane winds can blow as fast as 180miles (290kilometers) an hour. A. Predicate Verb: B. Adverbial: can blow as fast as 180miles (290kilometers) an hour

44. 11.  The spiral of heated air and moist air begins to twist and grow and spin faster and faster in a counterclockwise direction. A. Subject: B. Object: The spiral of heated air and moist air to twist and grow and spin

45. 12.  The direction a hurricane’s spiral moves is counterclockwise. A. Subject: B. Complement: The direction a hurricane’s spiral moves counterclockwise

46. 13.  At the North Pole the sun does not shine for half of the year. A. Predicate Verb: B. Adverbials: does not shine At the North Pole ， for half of the year

47. 14.  The cold winds that blow off the Arctic Ocean make the North Pole a very cold place. A. Subject: B. Object Complement: The cold winds that blow off the Arctic Ocean very cold place

48. 15. TThese criminals might have been guilty of murder. A. Predicate Verb: B. Complement: might have been guilty of murder