1. LT. 1.2 Radiological Defense.

2. Enabling Objectives. (page 1) 1.4 Recognize the characteristics and effects of nuclear weapons in accordance with fm 3-3-1, nuclear contamination avoidance. 1.5 Monitor radiation dose in accordance with OPNAV p-85-1-95.

3. Enabling Objectives. 1.6 Recognize nuclear attack indicators and symptoms of exposure in accordance with OPNAV p-86-1-95. 1.7 Describe immediate actions and radiation casualty treatment in accordance with OPNAV p-86-1-95.

4. Characteristics of Nuclear Explosions. Thermal radiation. Blast. Initial radiation. Residual radiation.

5. Thermal Radiation The first effect of a nuclear burst.

6. Thermal Radiation. Results from fireball formation.

7. Thermal Radiation. Intense heat vaporizes everything within fireball.

8. Thermal Radiation. Combustibles are ignited great distances away. BRIGHT LIGHT MAY CAUSE permanent BLINDNESS.

9. Blast. Highly compressed pressure wave.

10. Blast. Enough force to destroy buildings.

11. Blast. Enough pressure to collapse lungs and propel troops. Pressure wave is followed by negative pressure.

12. Initial Radiation (page 4) Emitted during the first minute following detonation. Consists of gamma rays and neutrons.

13. Gamma Rays. Invisible. Similar to x-rays.

14. Gamma Rays. Damage tissues and blood forming cells. Highly penetrating, can travel considerable distances.

15. Neutrons. Particles (not rays) Effects similar to gamma Confined to ground zero Highly Penetrating. Can travel considerable distances.

16. Residual Radiation. Continues past the first minute, mainly fallout. Fallout is a combination of radioactive material, earth, and debris. Emits gamma, alpha, and beta radiation.

17. Alpha Particles. Positively charged particles. Internal hazard. Least penetrating. Must be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed by open wounds to be hazardous.

18. Beta Particles. Negatively charged particles. Internal and external hazard. Same hazard as alpha to include skin contact.

19. Effects of Radiation (page 4). Physiological (human tissue) Electronic equipment..

20. Physiological Effects. Weight. General health. Personal biochemistry. Previous exposure.

21. Physiological Effects

22. Effects on Electronic Equipment. Electro-magnetic pulse (EMP). Destroys electronic circuits.

23. Degree of Hazard (page 6). The hazard depends on several factors to include: Height OF BURST. Distance from detonation. Hardness of target. Explosive yield.

24. Height OF BURST. Sub-surface burst - fireball centered below the surface. Surface burst - fireball touches the ground Air Burst - fireball does not touch the ground High altitude Burst. - fireball is above 100,000 ft.

25. Distance From Detonation. The further from ground zero the less you will be effected.

26. Hardness of Target. Construction techniques and materials used determine the effects.

27. Earth-shielded Positions Cover sandbags with earth and sod to protect them from thermal exposure Covered sandbags enhance camouflage and provide fragmentation protection

28. Buildings Reinforced-concrete Structure Reinforced Masonry-block House

29. Explosive Yield. Measured in kilotons (KT) Megatons (MT) (MT or KT) Represent. the weight in TNT it would take to achieve the same effect.

30. Immediate Actions. (page 8) With no warning. With warning. Actions after attack. Warning signals.

31. With No Warning. Fall flat to the ground, face down with your head toward the blast. Close eyes, protect exposed skin from heat. Remain down until the negative blast passes. Check for injuries, continue mission. Defensive positions can be constructed. Fighting positions or bunkers offer excellent protection. CO will determine if MOPP gear will be used.

32. Foxhole Positions Fair Protection Good Protection Best Protection

33. With Warning.

34. Field Expedient Overhead Cover Cut Timber and Scrap Materials U-Shaped Metal Pickets Fabric Cover or Poncho

35. Field Expedient Overhead Cover (cont.) Use of Vehicles as Expedient Overhead Cover

36. Actions After Attack. (page 9) Check for nuclear contamination's. Remove contamination by: –Brushing. –Scraping. –Flushing. Cover mouth and nose with damp cloth.

37. Warning Signals. (page 9) Three types: –Vocal - yell fallout…. All clear… –Sound - governed by unit SOP –Visual - hand. Signals, standard NATO markers, and pyrotechnics.

38. U.S. and NATO Radiological Contamination Markers Faces Away from ContaminationFaces Toward Contamination White Background with Black Lettering Information on Marker: Dose Rate Date and Time of Reading Date and Time of Blast (if known) ATOM

39. Dosimetry. (page 11) Used to measure individual radiation exposure (gamma) NCF uses the DT-60 and the IM-143 –IM-143 - self-indicating., Issued. to key personnel –DT-60 - read by. Trained. personnel, issued to everyone.

40. First Aid. (page 12) Battlefield injuries include: Blast, thermal and psychological casualties - treatment is the same as normal battlefield injuries Radiological casualties - Send to medical if symptoms appear.

41. Summary and Review. Characteristics of Nuclear Weapon Explosion. –Thermal radiation. –Blast. –Initial and residual radiation. Effects of nuclear radiation. –On personnel and equipment.

42. Summary and Review. Degree of hazard. –Height OF BURST. –Distance. –Hardness of target. –Explosive yield. Immediate actions. –With and with out warning. –Actions after the attack. –Standard warning signals. Dosimetry.

43. Summary and Review. First aid. –Blast, thermal, and psychological casualties –Radiological casualties..