1. Nuclear Chemistry

2. The Discovery of Radiation
Nuclear reactions are different from other types of reactions.
Nuclear chemistry is concerned with the structure of atomic nuclei and the changes they undergo.
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895.
Marie Curie and her husband Pierre isolated the first radioactive materials.

3. Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear reactions are different from other types of reactions.
Involve changes in the nucleus of the atom
protons (p+) and neutrons (nº)
The location of the atom (which compound it is in) has no effect

4. Differences from Chemical reactions
Unaffected by changes in conditions
temperature and pressure
Speed of reaction cannot be changed
“Actuarial tables”
Mass is not conserved

5. Radioactivity
The process where the nucleus of an atom undergoes changes and releases energy, particles, or both

6. Radioisotopes Isotopes of an element that are radioactive
due to unstable nuclei
Undergo radioactive decay
Nucleus falls apart, not grows larger
Unstable nuclei emit radiation to attain more stable atomic configurations

7. Radioactivity Why do radioisotopes emit radiation?
A. to balance charges in the nucleus
B. to release energy
C. to attain more stable atomic configurations
D. to gain energy

8. Types of radiation Alpha particles Beta particles Gamma radiation
“Positron” emission at times

9. Types of Radiation
The ability of radiation to pass through matter is called its penetrating power.
Gamma rays (like x-rays) are highly penetrating because they have no charge and no mass.

10. Alpha particles Symbolized as: Charge of +2 Mass ~4 amu 42He  42
Heaviest of the particles

11. Types of Radiation
Alpha radiation is not very penetrating—a single sheet of paper will stop an alpha particle.

12. Beta particles Symbolized as Charge of -1 Mass ~ 0.00055amu 0-1e- 
Actually an electron emitted from the nucleus

13. Types of Radiation
Beta radiation is a stream of fast moving particles with greater penetrating power—a thin sheet of foil will stop them.

14. Gamma radiation Not a particle
High energy electromagnetic radiation (“light”)
Also known as a type of “photon”
Symbolized as 
No charge, no mass

15. Neutrino Symbolized as 00 Have no charge and extremely little mass
Carry energy away from the reaction
Hypothesized to exist to explain the wide variance of energy released in some nuclear reactions

16.    ~0.05mm ~4mm Very high ~5 MeV ~1 MeV Penetrating power Shielding
Paper, clothes, dead skin
Metal foil
Pb, concrete (incomplete)
energy
~5 MeV
~1 MeV

17. X rays are most similar to what type of nuclear emissions?
A. gamma rays
B. alpha particles
C. beta particles
D. delta waves

18. Nuclear reactions
The total of all the mass numbers of the reactants equals the total of all the mass numbers of the products
The same holds true for the atomic numbers
Actual mass is not conserved
Matter is transformed into energy

19. Symbols in nuclear reactions
Alpha particle
42He or 42
Beta particle
0-1e or 0-1
Gamma radiation
00
Neutrino
00
Proton
11p+ or 11H
Neutron
10no
Electron
0-1e
Positrons
0+1e

20. Writing Nuclear reactions
1) The nuclide that decays is the one on the left-hand side of the equation.
2) The order of the nuclides on the right-hand side can be in any order.
3) The neutrino symbol is the Greek letter "nu." 00
4) The mass number and atomic number of a neutrino are zero.

21. Alpha ( ) Decay 1) The nucleus of an atom splits into two parts.
2) One of these parts (the alpha particle) goes zooming off into space.
3) The nucleus left behind has its atomic number reduced by 2 and its mass number reduced by 4 (that is, by 2 protons and 2 neutrons).

22. Types of Radiation
Alpha radiation is not very penetrating—a single sheet of paper will stop an alpha particle.

23. Alpha ( ) Decay

24. Beta ( ) Decay
1) A neutron inside the nucleus of an atom breaks down, changing into a proton.
2) It emits an electron and an anti-neutrino which go zooming off into space.
3) The atomic number goes UP by one and mass number remains unchanged.

25. Types of Radiation
Beta radiation is a stream of fast moving particles with greater penetrating power—a thin sheet of foil will stop them.

26. Beta ( ) Decay

27. Types of Radioactive Decay (cont.)

28. Positron (01+e) Emission
1) Something inside the nucleus of an atom breaks down, which causes a proton to become a neutron.
2) It emits a positron and a neutrino which go zooming off into space.
3) The atomic number goes DOWN by one and mass number remains unchanged.

29. Positron (01+e) Emission

30. Electron Capture
Electron capture is not like any other decay - alpha, beta, or position. All other decays shoot something out of the nucleus. In electron capture, something ENTERS the nucleus

31. Electron Capture
1) An electron from the closest energy level falls into the nucleus, which causes a proton to become a neutron.
2) A neutrino is emitted from the nucleus.
3) Another electron falls into the “empty space” in the electron cloud and so on causing a cascade of electrons falling.
4) The atomic number goes DOWN by one and mass number remains unchanged.

32. Writing electron capture equations
1) The nuclide that decays is the one on the left-hand side of the equation.
2) The electron must also be written on the left-hand side.
3) A neutrino is involved , It is ejected from the nucleus where the electron reacts, so it is written on the right-hand side.

33. Electron Capture

34. Types of Radioactive Decay (cont.)

35. Nuclear Chemistry

36. What causes nuclear instability?
The “wrong” number of neutrons
Atoms 1 – 20, p+ to no ratio is ~ 1:1
Atoms 21 and up, the ratio approaches 1:1.5

37. Nuclear Stability (cont.)
The strong nuclear force acts on subatomic particles that are extremely close together and overcomes the electrostatic repulsion among protons.

38. Nuclear Stability (cont.)
As atomic number increases, more and more neutrons are needed to produce a strong nuclear force that is sufficient to balance the electrostatic repulsion between protons.
Proton to neutron ratio increases gradually to about 1:1.5

39. What if there are too many protons and neutrons?
Lose some of both
Alpha emission (42)
Remember- an alpha particle is two protons and two neutrons
Mass number goes down by 4
atomic number goes down by 2

40. What if there are too many n0?
Convert a no into a p+
Beta emission
Mass number stays the same, but atomic number goes up by 1

41. What if there are too few no?
Either 1) Positron emission: Convert a proton into a neutron
158O  157N e + 00
or 2) e- capture: A proton merges with an electron to become a neutron
Both: #p+  by 1 and #n0  by 1

42. Credits….
Portions of this presentation were adapted from the ChemTeam website