1. Difference between the mass of an atom and the mass of its individual particles. 4.00260 amu4.03298 amu Mass Defect Nuclear Forces

2. Nuclear Binding Energy Energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons. High binding energy = stable nucleus. E = mc 2 E:energy (J) m:mass defect (kg) c:speed of light (3.00×10 8 m/s)

3. Nuclear Binding Energy Unstable nuclides are radioactive and undergo radioactive decay. The seven most widely recognized magic numbers as of 2007 are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126

4. Types of Radiation Alpha particle (  ) – helium nucleus paper 2+ Beta particle (  -) –electron 1- lead Positron (  +) –positron 1+ Gamma (  ) –high-energy photon 0 concrete ChargeShielding

6. Penetrating Ability of Radiation

7. Nuclear Decay Transmutation- One element becomes another. More than 83 protons means that the nuclei is unstable (radioactive)

10. Ethan Hawke

11. 11 I. Classes of Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons (C & H only)Heteroatomic compounds aliphaticaromatic alkanes alkenes alkynes cyclic compounds alcohols ethers aldehydes ketones carboxylic acids esters amines amides

12. 12 III. IUPAC Nomenclature A. Parent chains: normal alkanes Parent names: CH 4 methane n-C 11 H 24 undecane CH 3 CH 3 ethane n-C 12 H 26 dodecane CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 propane n-C 13 H 28 tridecane CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 butane n-C 14 H 30 tetradecane CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 pentane¦ CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 hexane n-C 20 H 42 icosane n-C 7 H 16 heptane n-C 30 H 62 triacontane n-C 8 H 18 octane n-C 40 H 82 tetracontane n-C 9 H 20 nonane ¦ n-C 10 H 22 decaneetc. systematic name: {side groups}parent chain{suffix} know to here (teens)

13. 13 II. Alkanes B. Isomers: normal and branched alkanes n-butane “straight chain” branched chain isobutane constitutional isomers C 4 H 10 “butane” lighters: 5% n-butane 95% isobutane

14. 14 II. Alkanes B. Isomers: normal and branched alkanes C 5 H 12 n-pentane isopentane neopentane C 6 H 14 5 isomers C 10 H 22 75 isomers C 20 H 42 366,319 isomers obviously need system of nomenclature