1. Bell Work 01/20/15 Read article “From Stem Cell to Any Cell”
Highlight the main idea
Underline 3 supporting facts and write in the margin how these facts support the main idea.
On a separate piece of paper, write the following questions and answer:
1. What are stem cells?
2. Where are stem cells found?
3. What are three important uses for stem cells?

2. Bell work 01/21/15 write questions and answer
Name two organs that are easy to repair using stem cells.
What are two organs that are difficult to repair using stem cells?

3. Bell work 01/22/15 write question and answer
Why are embryonic stem cells more useful than other stem cells? What makes the new technique called “somatic cell nuclear transfer” appealing to doctors?

4. Bell work 01/23/15 write question and answer
How are scientists trying to get around ethical concerns about the use of embryonic stem cells in research and medicine?

5. Cellular Division and Growth

6. Objectives for Chapter 10 Section 1
Explain the problems that growth causes for cells.
Describe how cell division solves the problems of cell growth.
Read Chapter 10 Section 1 Page

7. 2 main reasons why cells divide
1. The larger the cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA.
2. The larger the cell, the more trouble the cell has moving enough nutrients in and wastes out of the cell membrane.

8. DNA “Overload” Genetic material Found in the nucleus of the cell
Stored information to control all of cell’s needs
Only is copied when cell is dividing. Does NOT make more DNA just because the cell is growing.

9. Exchanging materials
Cell membrane: allows food, water, and oxygen to enter into cell and allows wastes to leave.
Surface area of the cell membrane determines how effectively this exchange takes place.
Determine Surface Area of cell:
Length x width x 6

10. Exchanging materials
Cell’s Volume determines how fast food and oxygen are used up by the cell.
To determine volume of the cell:
Length x width x height

11. Relationship between surface area and volume
As the cell grows, the cell’s volume increases faster than its surface area.
This causes the surface area to volume ratio to decrease which causes problems for the cell.

12. Division of the cell
The cell will divide into two “daughter” cells through a process called cell division
Cell will copy its DNA so that each new cell receives its own copy
Cell division reduces the cell’s volume therefore increasing the surface area to volume ratio and making the exchange of materials more efficient.
Which means that each daughter cell has a higher surface area/volume ratio than the parent cell

13. Section 1 review
What determines how fast food and oxygen are used up and wastes are produced by the cell?
Compared to small cells, large cells have more trouble doing what?
The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called what?
What happens as the cell becomes larger?

14. Section 1 review
What determines how fast food and oxygen are used up and wastes are produced by the cell?
volume
Compared to small cells, large cells have more trouble doing what?
Moving needed materials in and waste out
The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called what? Cell division
What happens as the cell becomes larger?
Volume increases faster than surface area

15. Chapter 10 Section 2 objectives
Name the main events of the cell cycle.
Describe what happens during the four phases of mitosis.

16. Made up of genetic material (DNA) and proteins Found in nucleus
Chromosomes
Made up of genetic material (DNA) and proteins
Found in nucleus
Each organism has a specific number of chromosomes
Humans (46), Drosophilia (8), Carrots (18)

17. Chromosomes DNA is not visible except during mitosis (cell division)
DNA strands coil up around histone proteins to form a structure called a chromosome
Before a cell divides it is replicated forming 2 identical sister chromatids

18. Chromosomes
Sister chromatids are held together by a structure called a centromere.
The chromatids will move away from each other during cell division.

19. Cell cycle graphic organizer

20. M phase (cell division)
Cell cycle – series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Interphase (longest) G1 S G2
Cells that do not divide are always in interphase
M phase (cell division)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

21. Interphase - G1 phase – Cell growth
Cell does most of its growing/increases in size
Synthesize new proteins and organelles
New cytoplasm forms

22. Interphase - S phase - replication
DNA replicates forming sister chromatids
Key proteins (histone proteins) are synthesized
Usually will complete rest of cycle once DNA is replicated.

23. Interphase - G2 phase – prepare for mitosis
Shortest of the three phases
Organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced

24. Review Cell cycle
What are the 3 parts of interphase and what occurs in each part?
Draw and label a chromosome.
When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?

25. M Phase – cell division May take a few minutes or several days
Consist of two parts:
1. mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
2. cytokinesis

26. Mitosis - pmat Produces 2 daughter cells from one parent cell
Identical to each other and to the parent cell
Asexual reproduction
Most body (somatic) cells reproduce this way
Used to grow and replace old damage cells

27. Prophase Nuclear membrane disappears
DNA begins to shorten and thicken (becomes visible) – chromosomes/chromatids
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
spindle fibers (aster fibers)form at the end of cell around the centrioles
Takes ~an hour

28. Prophase:
P = Primary (first)
P = Pair

29. Metaphase “middle”
Chromosomes line up along the equator “middle” of the cell
Centromeres connect the chromosomes to the spindle fibers
Take about 15 minutes

30. Metaphase
M = Middle

31. Anaphase – adios amigos
Chromosomes divide into chromatids
Chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
Takes about 10 minutes

32. Anaphase
A = Away
A = Adios Amigos

33. Telophase – Two Spindle fibers disappear
Nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromatids creating 2 new nuclei
Chromatids unwind and become long and thin again
Cytokinesis begins

34. Telophase
T = Two (nuclei)
Chromosomes finish journey at opposite ends of cell
Nuclear membrane re-forms around new groups of chromosomes

35. Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides One cell becomes two individual cells
Different in plants and animals
Plants – cell plate forms
Animals – cell membrane pinches in two

36. Cytokinesis (cy·to·ki·ne·sis)
Cyto = cell
Cell membrane pinches original cell into two new cells separating the cytoplasm

37. End Results of Mitosis:
Two cells
Identical to each other
Identical to parent cell (original cell)
Remember PMAT!!!!

38. Mitosis review
What are the phases of cell division? Name them in order. State what occurs in each phase.
What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?
What is one difference between plant cell division and animal cell division?

39. Review notes for section 2 quiz
Bell work
Review notes for section 2 quiz

40. Section 3 Objectives
Identify a factor that can stop cells from growing.
Describe how the cell cycle is regulated.
Explain how cancer cells are different from other cells.

41. Cell growth and cell division are controlled
Regulating cell cycle
Cell growth and cell division are controlled
By internal regulators
By external regulators

42. Internal regulators
Proteins within the cell determine if the cell can go on to the next phase of the cell cycle
Cyclins – regulate timing of cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

43. External regulators Proteins that respond to events outside the cell
Speed up or slow down the cell cycle
Includes growth factors which speed up
Prevent excessive growth:
When cells come into contact with other cells, they stop growing. When there is an empty space (from cut or injury) the cells are stimulated to divide rapidly and will continue to do so until the area is returned to normal.

44. Control of Cell Division
Section 10-3
If center cells are removed, cells near the space will start to grow again.
SHOWS: Cell division
genes can be turned on
and off
Cells grow until they touch other cells

45. NO CONTACT INHIBITION Cancer cells don’t stop when they touch nearby
they just keep growing!
That’s what makes
a tumor.

46. Cancer cells Like a “car with no brakes”
Can spread to new places (METASTASIS)
Carcinogens are substances that can damage DNA and cause cancer
Ex: Cigarette smoke (OR CHEW), Radiation, chemicals in environment, even viruses

47. Uncontrolled cell growth
LOST ALL CONTROL!!!!
Affects multicellular organisms
Cancer cells do NOT respond to the internal or external protein signals that regulate cell growth.
Defect in a gene called p53 causes chromosomal damage in cells

48. Chapter 10 Section 3 review
Right after a bone breaks, what do the cells do at the edge of injury?
What is an external factor that can stop a normal cell from growing?
The timing of the cell cycle is regulated by?
Cancer cells form masses of cells called?
Cancer affects…?

49. Chapter 10 Section 3 review
Right after a bone breaks, what do the cells do at the edge of injury? Begin to divide rapidly
What is an external factor that can stop a normal cell from growing? Contact with other cells
The timing of the cell cycle is regulated by? cyclins
Cancer cells form masses of cells called? tumors
Cancer affects…? Multicellular organisms

50. Opening paragraph. Have a HOOK!!!
Inform audience of stem cells.
Many believe that using stem cells is morally and ethically wrong while others believe that it is not an issue. Those who do not believe in using stem cells but have a child diagnosed with a disease turn to another option of having a second child to use as a tissue donor. Put yourself in the position of that parent, would you want to use stem cells from a research lab to save your dying child or would you chose to have another child to use as a tissue donor? Be sure to back up your decision with at least three reasons as to why you chose this decision and provide evidence from the text that supported your decision making process.
Close!!!
Cite evidence from both articles in second and third paragraphs.