1. Deeper Encoding And the Working Memory Model

2. Enriching Encoding ► An application of Craik & Lockhart (1972)’s Levels of Processing Theory ► Elaboration: Linking stimulus to other information you already know  You remember “tea” because it is your favorite drink ► Visual Imagery: Create a mental picture to represent the words  “One Sun” peg and link system

3. “One Sun” Peg and Link System ► First, you memorize the rhyming “Peg” words: ► 1=Sun2=Shoe3=Tree 4=War5=Hive6=Sticks 7=Heaven8=Gate9=Vine 10=Hen0=Hero

4. “One Sun” Peg and Link System ► Then, you “link” each word you want to remember to the appropriate peg by creating a vivid mental image  Example: if your first word is “bread”, you can imagine bread being burnt to a crisp by a giant, hot, yellow sun  Weird, exaggerated images are more memorable ► Do the same for every item on the list

5. “One Sun” Peg and Link System ► Try it! To remind you, the peg words are: ► 1=Sun2=Shoe3=Tree 4=War5=Hive6=Sticks 7=Heaven8=Gate9=Vine 10=Hen0=Hero ► The stimulus words you should try to remember are: ► Sled, yellow, run, happy, boat, junior, idea, clumsy, short, moon

6. “One Sun” Peg and Link System ► How many of the 10 words can you remember? ► According to Paivio (1986), this works because imagery provides a second kind of memory code, and 2 codes are better than one ► We can encode information visually (by images), acoustically (by sounds), and semantically (by meaning)

7. Working Memory Model ► Baddeley & Hitch (1974) believed that Short Term Memory was too vague and inaccurate ► Their Working Memory Model replaces STM with “working memory” ► Combines the idea of STM with the mental processes that control the use of information ► 4 main components: Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer

8. Central Executive ► Makes decisions about what is important ► Guides your attention ► Can pull information from LTM ► Supervises perception, thought, and action ► See Rubenstein study in multitasking article

9. Phonological Loop ► Replays an audio copy of information in your mind ► Can only hold a limited amount of information for a limited time ► Similar to a tape recorder  “It’s like my IPod’s stuck on replay (replay)”

10. Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad ► Similar to the phonological loop, but for visual information ► Temporary stores images and allows you to visualize moving/changing images  Example: a flip book is a series of still images that stay in your visuo-spatial sketchpad and allow you to see them together as one moving image  Evidence: Sperling (1960)/PsychSim Iconic Memory

11. Episodic Buffer ► Combines elements from the other 3 components ► Allows you to put information together into recognizable events or patterns

12. Case studies: Clive Wearing and HM ► What specific parts of their memories work properly? ► What specific parts of their memories are faulty?