1. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved C HAPTER 13 Human Population Growth and Family Planning

2. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 13-1 T HREE TYPES OF AGE PYRAMIDS. ( A ) P OPULATION IS GROWING BECAUSE OF A LARGE PROPORTION OF JUVENILES. ( B ) T HE POPULATION IS STABLE ; NOTE THE SIMILAR PROPORTION OF REPRODUCTIVE ADULTS AND JUVENILES AND THE RELATIVELY LARGE PROPORTION OF POSTREPRODUCTIVE ADULTS COMPARED WITH ( A ). ( C ) P OPULATION IS DECLINING BECAUSE THE PREPONDERANCE OF POSTREPRODUCTIVE ADULTS MEANS THAT THE DEATH RATE IS HIGH, WHILE THE BIRTH RATE IS LOW

3. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 13-2 T HE EXPONENTIAL GROWTH CURVE OF A POPULATION UNDER OPTIMAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.

4. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 13-3 E NVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE CAUSES A POPULATION PREVIOUSLY EXPRESSING ITS BIOTIC POTENTIAL TO LEVEL OFF AT THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

5. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 13-4 W HEN POPULATION GROWTH EXCEEDS THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ARE DESTROYED AND THE POPULATION MAY CRASH

6. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 13-5 E VEN EXTREMELY SMALL PERCENTAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATES PRODUCE RAPID POPULATION INCREASES

7. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 13-6 G ROWTH OF THE WORLD ’ S POPULATION. A T THE BEGINNING OF THE C HRISTIAN ERA, THE WORLD POPULATION IS ESTIMATED TO HAVE BEEN 300 MILLION. T HE 1650 POPULATION OF 500 MILLION HAD DOUBLED BY THE YEAR 1830 TO 1 BILLION PEOPLE. I N THE PAST 100 YEARS, THE GROWTH RATE HAS ACCELERATED GREATLY. B Y THE YEAR 2000, THE EARTH HAD APPROXIMATELY 6 BILLION I NHABITANTS. N OTE THE SIMILARITY OF THIS CURVE TO THAT IN F IG. 13-2.

8. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 13-7 P RESENT AND PROJECTED FUTURE POPULATION SIZES IN THE ENTIRE WORLD AND IN COUNTRIES OF VARYING DEGREES OF DEVELOPMENT (1994 TO 2050). D ATA FROM THE U NITED N ATIONS. M ORE DEVELOPED, E UROPE, N ORTH A MERICA, A USTRALIA –N EW Z EALAND, AND J APAN ; LESS DEVELOPED, A FRICA, A SIA ( EXCEPT J APAN ), L ATIN A MERICA, AND SOME AREAS OF O CEANIA. N OTE THAT THE MOST GROWTH WILL OCCUR IN THE LESS - DEVELOPED COUNTRIES THAT ALREADY HAVE THE GREATEST POPULATIONS ( E. G., C HINA, I NDIA, A FRICA )

9. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved B OX 1: W ORLD C ONTRACEPTIVE U SE AND F ERTILITY R ATES

10. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 13-8 B IRTH RATES AND DEATH RATES IN THE U NITED S TATES FROM 1930 TO 2005. W HENEVER BIRTH RATE EXCEEDS DEATH RATE, A POPULATION IS GROWING. N OTE THAT THE DEATH RATE HAS BEEN DECLINING SLOWLY, BUT THE BIRTH RATE HAS FLUCTUATED. T HE PEAK IN BIRTHS IN THE 1950 S REPRESENTS THE POST -W ORLD W AR II “ BABY BOOM.”

11. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved F IGURE 13-9 D IFFERING PREDICTIONS FOR POPULATION SIZE IN THE U NITED S TATES, DEPENDING ON A FAMILY SIZE OF TWO (– – –) OR THREE (– – – ) CHILDREN. T HESE PROJECTIONS ASSUME SMALL FUTURE REDUCTIONS IN MORTALITY AND CONTINUATION OF IMMIGRATION AT THE PRESENT LEVEL.

12. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved B OX 2: G OVERNMENT -E NFORCED P OPULATION C ONTROL IN C HINA