2. Demographic Changes 1788-2000’s Age Structure Sex Structure Ethnic Composition © Karen Devine 2010

3. Age Structure Pre 1900 The average age of a transported convict was 26. Most free settlers to Australia were skilled migrants of child-bearing age. © Karen Devine 2010

4. Age Structure Pre 1900 The governments of the colonies wanted to grow their populations. Hence, some migrants were essential and were often given assisted passage. © Karen Devine 2010

5. Age Structure Pre 1900 Life expectancy was shorter in the colonial era. Life expectancy of Aboriginal People has always been shorter than non- Aboriginal people. © Karen Devine 2010

6. Age Structure 2000’s The average life expectancy now is: a) men- 79 years b) women – 82 years. © Karen Devine 2010

7. Age Structure 2000’s Australia’s population is ageing because the numbers of people over 40 is growing, yet the numbers of younger people is declining. Australia has a low death rate and a low birth rate. © Karen Devine 2010

8. Sex Structure Pre 1900 Only 11% of transported convicts were female. Most were not prostitutes. In the 1850’s there were approximately 160 males to 100 females. © Karen Devine 2010

9. Sex Structure 2000’s Approximately 105 males per 100 females exist at birth, yet there is higher male mortality for the 30-64 years age group. © Karen Devine 2010

10. Sex Structure 2000’s Above age 65, there are higher male mortality rates. The sex ratio of the total population for Australia is 98.9 males per 100 females. (2008 figs) © Karen Devine 2010

11. Ethnic Structure Pre 1900 Convicts and free settlers were mainly of Anglo-Celtic descent. The main religion practiced was Christianity; English (Protestantism) and Irish (Catholicism). © Karen Devine 2010

12. Ethnic Structure Pre 1900 Most of the English were literate; the Irish were not. The Chinese, Germans, Americans and other Europeans arrived during the time of the Gold Rush. © Karen Devine 2010

13. Ethnic Structure 2000’s Since the abolition of the “White Australia Policy” in 1973, Australia has become a multicultural nation. Who is this man? What were his policies? Outline the changes which resulted in Australia as a result of his policies. © Karen Devine 2010

14. Ethnic Structure 2000’s There have also been periods of refugee migration such as: a) Vietnamese (1970’s) b) Yugoslavs (1990’s) c) Sudanese, Middle East, Afghanistan (2000’s). © Karen Devine 2010

15. Question Time? What is meant by the phrase “Unity in Diversity”? Discuss whether Australian Multiculturalism works. Watch Multiculturalism Film. Watch Multiculturalism Film. © Karen Devine 2010