1. Differences in Colonization
From Settler Colonies to Imperialism

2. Settler vs Non-Settler Colonies
Settler Colony
Occurred when European family units moved into a region in large numbers
Intent is to replace native population with a new population of people
Key resource (pull factor) is the availability of land & economic opportunities
Push Factors
Overpopulation back in Europe
When moving in, settler colonies will often utilize native labor until natives disappear. Settler colonies are long term colonies who establish soveriegnty by forming their own unique government structures. “Settler colonialism destroys to replace”
Non-Settler Colony
A colony with very few white European settlers

3. SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 1
South Africa
Originally settled by farmers and ranchers from the Netherlands (Boers/Afrikaners)
Contact with native Xhosa tribes led to near extinction of the Africans, who didn’t have resistance to disease from the Dutch Europeans
British take control of the tip of Africa in 1806
Abolition of slavery in 1833 leads to eastward migration of Afrikaners who would fight against the Zulu people under their leader, Shaka Zulu
Diamonds and Gold
Discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) deposits lead to British miner migrations
Led to South African War b/t British and Dutch Afrikaners
Reconciliation b/t Afrikaners and British was reached and the Union of South Africa was formed which had whites control all native black Africans.
DEIC established Cape Town in 1652 as a supply point. New settlers moved to the interior to escape company control and religious persecution in their homelands. The Great Trek was the name given to the migration of Afrikaners, who would later establish independent republics of their own. Agreements b/t Afrikaners and British largely based on increasing white privelege and subjugation of Africans.

4. SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 2
Australia
SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 2
Decline of Aboriginal Population
Infectious disease
Forced resettlement
Removal of children
Destruction of culture
As number of white British settlers increased, Aboriginal population was forced off land and pushed into the interior (the Outback)
Native Aborigine population was a foraging/fishing society
Considered savages by the British
1770, James Cook claims Australia for Britain on his voyages
Originally settled as a penal colony
200 free settlers
800 convicts
Original estimates place number of Aborigines pre-settlement at 350,000. This number would decline rapidly over a period of 150 years ( ). Aborigines were pushed to the interior due to the lack of arable land outside the coastal areas of Australia.

5. SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 3
French Algeria
Coastal region was considered an integral part of France
Natives (largely Ottoman Muslims) pushed out as Europeans moved in
Colonized by
peasants/working-class poor from Italy, Spain, and France
political exiles and convicts from France
Napoleon III
Respected natives and tried to prevent contact/exploitation by limiting settlement to the coast
French officials disagreed
Continued to grant land to colons
Goal was to provide land for wheat production
Tribal leaders sold land to turn a quick profit
Interior was arid and not very valuable to French interests. Tribal areas and villages were easy targets for land grab, and land grants for rural settlements further increased native destruction. Napoleon III envisioned separate colonial, Arab, and military regions administered individually. Franco-Prussian war and Crimean war caused a need to expan French colonization in order to supply wheat

6. Imperialism

7. Imperialism - Defined
One country’s domination of political, economic, and social life of another country

8. Causes Political  rival European countries (nationalism)
Economic demand for raw materials and markets for goods (competition, Industrial Revolution)

9. Reasons (cont.)
Ideological  European religious zeal, feelings of racial/cultural superiority = Europeans wanted to impose their cultures on others
(Social Darwinism): idea that some races were more “evolved” than others
“The White Man’s Burden” – duty of Europeans to civilize “backward” people, spread Christianity and Western ideals/values

10. Causes (cont.) Religious  desire to spread Christianity,
Exploratory  scientific/medical research, have adventure, investigate unknown land/culture
Victoria Falls
& Dr. Livingstone

11. Forms
Colony – directly ruled by an imperial power thru colonial officials
Protectorate – has its own govt, but “guided” by a foreign power
Sphere of Influence – region where an imperial power has exclusive investment/trading rights

12. Africa Before… Africans spoke over 1000 different languages!
Powerful African armies had kept Europeans out of Africa for 400 years!

13. Then…

14. Scramble for Africa
, European countries claimed most parts of Africa for their own
1885 – European nations
met in Berlin, Germany
and agreed to split
(partition) Africa amongst
themselves
(Berlin Conference)
By 1914, Europe
controlled 90% of Africa

15. French Holdings
Invaded Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco in Northern Africa

16. British Holdings Controlled Egypt, Sudan, South Africa
Desired to control a
portion of Africa all the
way from North to South
(“From Cairo to
Capetown” was the motto)

17. Analyzing Political Cartoons

18. Independent Nations
By 1900, Liberia was the only independent state in West Africa.
Ethiopia was also independent (kicked out the Italians when led by King Menelik II)

19. Belgian Congo Non-settler Colony: Case Study 1
Colonized under King Leopold II – forced local chiefs to sign treaties giving up power at gunpoint
Non settlement colony (in 1900, just over 1,000 Belgians lived in Congo, whose territory was 80x larger than all of Belgium itself)
Based on resource/labor exploitation
Rubber tree plantations
Forced labor
Cruel treatment of natives, high taxes
As many as 4-8 million native Congalese died as a result
Leopold was attempting to counter larger European countries economic/colonial dominance and officially announced the Congo as a free trade zone. Transferred to Belgian governmental control in 1908 as public opposition increased.
Belgian Congo

20. EFFECTS Schools taught that European ways were best
By early 1900s, elite Africans began to condemn imperialism as against European ideals of liberty, equality, nationalism
Harmed land by mining, factories, logging
Paid Africans low wages, and imposed high taxes
Men housed in dorms away from families