1. Floodplain Management SESSION 3 Stream Systems on Dynamic Earth Meteorological Framework Prepared By Donald R. Reichmuth, PhD.

2. Meteorological Framework Objectives: Show Temperature & Pressure Gradients Show Water Sources Define A River Basin Explain Published Resource Data Illustrate Factors Affecting Weather List Weather Related Disasters

3. North American Temperature Data Mid-Continent: (North Central US & Canadian Plains) Normally has cold winters and hot summers that causes Mid-Continent Winter High Pressure & Summer Low Pressure

4. Winter Temperature Data Typical Winter Pattern: Coldest in Northern Mid-Continent 2004 Departure: From Mean

5. North American Air Flow Monsoon Pattern Monsoon Defined: A wind system that reverses direction between summer and winter.

6. Monsoon Air Flow

8. Earth’s Water Sources: Outer Space Volcanoes Rock Disintegration Total Volume: 309,000 Units One Unit (1) = 4475 Cubic Km (1070 Cubic Miles) 100 Units = Yearly Evaporation From Oceans 300,000 Units = Present Volume All Oceans

9. Water Distribution ( Total Units)

10. Hydrologic Cycle Evaporation From Oceans Wind Moves Moisture Laden Clouds Moisture Condenses & Falls Precipitation Falls Back Into Oceans Produces Stream Flow On Land Enters Groundwater On Land Water Returns To Oceans

11. Simplified Hydrologic Cycle

12. Detailed Hydrologic Cycle ( Units Per Year)

13. River Basin Defined The surface catchment area upstream from a given point on a stream. River Basin Runoff: Surface Stream Flow Controlled by Surface Topography Groundwater Flow Controlled by Subsurface Structure

14. River Basin Example

15. Basin Topographic Map Grand River NOTE: Subbasins Marked

16. Block Diagram Grand River Basin

17. Moisture Forecast http://www.cpc.ncp.noaa.gov/ ptoducts/analysis/monitoring/cdus/palmer_drought_outlook.gif http://www.cpc.ncp.noaa.gov/

18. River Forecast Centers www.nws.noaa.gov/er/nerfc

19. Hazards Assessment Briefing http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ products/predictions/threats http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/

20. Precipitation Data National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) National Water & Climate Center www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ Snow Survey & Water Supply www.nrcs.gov/programs/snowsurvey/ Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC) wrcc@dri.edu

21. NRCS Snow Water Content http://www.mt.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/data.current.html

22. River Basin Precipitation Data (wrcc@dri.edu)

23. Floodthreat Example

24. Flood Risk Example

25. Flood Warning Example April 11, 2004 Red River, ND

26. Palmer Drought Severity Index 1.A “Meteorological” Drought Index 2.Widely Used In The USA 3.Measures Abnormality 4.Range +6 ---- Extremely Wet 0 ------ Near Normal -6 ----- Extremely Dry

27. Dendrochronology Example: Determining Past Climate Conditions

28. Drought Information Center (NOAA) http://www.drought.noaa.gov/index.html Home Page Menu Lists Links To Numerous Products Precipitation Soil Moisture Drought Fire Potential Temperature

29. Drought Conditions http://drought.unl.edu/dm

30. Drought Prediction http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/ products/expert_assessment/season_drought.gif http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/

31. Local Microclimates Orographic Precipitation Caused by Anabatic (Blowing Up Slope) Wind Rain Shadows Caused by Katabatic (Blowing Down Slope) Wind Lake Effects Caused by Wind Blowing Over Water Heat Islands Caused by Urban Heat Sources Acid Rain Caused by SO 4 Emissions

32. Topographic Influence

33. Effect of Smoke Stack Emissions

34. Effect Of Urban Heat Islands

35. Lake Effect On Snowfall

36. Average Runoff Patterns Low ----- Western Plains & Southwest High ----- New England, Appalachians, Gulf Coast & Pacific Northwest

37. Major Disasters By State

38. Major Disasters

39. Fire Management Early 1900’s Fire Suppression Increased Fuel Load Triggered Species Changes 1980’s Period Major Wild Fires Controlled Burns Started

40. Fire History Example Tree Ring Studies

42. Slide Presentation Prepared By Geomax, P.C. Dr. Donald R. Reichmuth, President 1023 W. 30 th Ave. Spokane, WA 99203-1324 Phone & FAX – 509-838-6390 E-mail – geomax@comcast.net