1. Animal Behavior Chapter 39

2. Behavior (Ethology) Action carried out by muscles or glands under control of the nervous system in response to a stimulus Helps to acquire nutrients for digestion and find a partner for sexual reproduction Contributes to homeostasis (ex bees huddling to provide warmth) Behavior  physiology  behavior Subject to natural selection

3. Ethology Scientific study of animal behavior Niko Tinbergen-4 questions –What stimulus elicits behavior and what physiology forms response? –How does experience affect it? –How does it aid in survival and rep? –What is its evolutionary history?

4. Proximate/Ultimate causation What is the mechanism? Why is it good for species? Ex. Bluegill Ex. Red crowned cranes

5. Fixed Action Pattern Type of behavior directly linked to simple stimulus- trigger called sign stimulus

6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZ v-ByPkUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZ v-ByPkU

7. Oriented Movement Kinesis-change in activity or turning rate Taxis-movement toward or away from a stimulus

8. Migration-regular, long distance change in location Heads have bits of magnetite –so Earth’s magnetic field pulls on them Photoreceptors are affected by magnetic field

9. Behavioral Rhythms Circadian Clock-24 hour cycle Circannual rhythms-yearly cycle Usually controlled by periods of daylight and dark But some-lunar cycle

10. Signals and communication Visual Chemical Tactile Auditory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXXq Q2zJVMAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXXq Q2zJVMA

11. Bee Dance Round and Waggle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vaszh 2bY3mchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vaszh 2bY3mc

12. Pheromones Chemicals Short distance Queen Bee Warning

13. Innate Behavior Developmentally fixed

14. Learned behavior Habituation-loss of responsiveness to stimuli that carries little new info

15. Imprinting Long lasting response to individual or object-occurs during sensitive period

16. Konrad Lorenz

17. Spatial Learning Memory that reflects environment- Tinbergen http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXLig FEri98http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXLig FEri98

18. Cognitive Maps Representation in nervous system of the spatial relationships in surroundings Ex. Nutcracker http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIJVY WvMBishttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIJVY WvMBis

19. Associative learning Associate one feature with another Ex. Mouse bites distasteful caterpillar- won’t attack those of similar color

20. Classical Conditioning Arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with a particular outcome Pavlov’s dogs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLx EN54hohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLx EN54ho

21. Operant conditioning-Trial and Error

22. Cognition and Problem Solving Devise a method to go from one state to another and deal with obstacles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZSk 7oCNaHghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZSk 7oCNaHg

23. Learned behaviors Singing in birds-may have to hear songs during sensitive period Humpback whales http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAqZ pAf0-lchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAqZ pAf0-lc

24. Nature or Nurture?

25. Foraging Behavior Optimal foraging behavior

26. Mating behavior Promiscuous Monogamous Polygamous –Polyandry –Polygyny

27. Agonistic interaction

28. Sexual Dimorphism

29. Inclusive Fitness Altruism

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