1. Lecture 12: The Third World in the Cold War April 23, 2010

2. Background to Interventions Decolonization Decolonization

4. Background to Interventions Decolonization Decolonization Third world as conceptual entity Third world as conceptual entity Non-alignment (Bandung Conference, 1955) Non-alignment (Bandung Conference, 1955)

5. Bandung Conference, 1955

6. Background to Interventions Decolonization Decolonization Third world as conceptual entity Third world as conceptual entity Non-alignment (Bandung Conference, 1955) Non-alignment (Bandung Conference, 1955) Competing economic models Competing economic models Containment  NSC-68 Containment  NSC-68

7. How to Implement Containment? Cumulativity of resources: Does (informal) empire increase power? Cumulativity of resources: Does (informal) empire increase power? Domino Theory Domino Theory Invasion/aid Invasion/aid Inspiration Inspiration Intimidation Intimidation Credibility Credibility US as reliable protector US as reliable protector Soviets emboldened Soviets emboldened

8. Emboldening “Now, when so much progress is being made, is no time to turn tail and leave Vietnam... It is a dangerous illusion to suppose that another retreat by the civilized world would satisfy the appetite of the communists and get them to leave us alone…In fact, such a move would only embolden the communists...A precipitous withdrawal from Vietnam would be a victory for the communists, an invitation to further violence against free nations and a terrible blow to the future security of the United States of America.”

9. The real quote: Dick Cheney, 2006 “Now, when so much progress is being made, is no time to turn tail and leave Iraq... It is a dangerous illusion to suppose that another retreat by the civilized world would satisfy the appetite of the terrorists and get them to leave us alone…In fact, such a move would only embolden the terrorists...A precipitous withdrawal from Iraq would be a victory for the terrorists, an invitation to further violence against free nations and a terrible blow to the future security of the United States of America.”

10. Means of Intervention Occupation Occupation Military aid Military aid Coups/assassinations Coups/assassinations Money/arms Money/arms Disinformation Disinformation

11. Problems with US Interventions Anti-Communists not necessarily democratic Anti-Communists not necessarily democratic Exacerbated local conflict Exacerbated local conflict Leftist insurgencies rooted in economics Leftist insurgencies rooted in economics  Unintended consequences  Unintended consequences

12. US Interventions China 1945 (anti-communist) Greece 1947, 64 (anti-communist) Philippines 1945 (nationalism) S Korea 1945 (anti-communist) Albania 1949-53 (anti-communist) S Korea 1950 (anti-communist) Iran 1953 (oil, nationalism) Guatemala 1954 (fruit, nationalism) Indonesia 1957 (nationalism) Guyana 1953 (leftist president) Vietnam 1954 (anti-communist) Cambodia 1955 (nationalism) Congo 1960 (mining) Cuba 1961 (sugar & nationalism) Brazil 1961 (nationalism) Dominican Rep 1963 (nationalism) Vietnam 1964-75 (anti-communist) Indonesia 1965 (nationalism) Cambodia 1969 (anti-communism) Chile 1973 (mining - nationalism) Angola 1975-80 (anti-communism) E Timor 1975 (nationalism) Afghanistan 1979 (anti-USSR) El Salvador 1980-89 (nationalism) Libya 1981 (anti-terrorism?) Grenada 1983 (anti-communism) Nicaragua 1987 (anti-socialist) Panama 1989 (canal & anti-drugs) Iraq 1991 (oil) Somalia 1993 (humanitarian) Bosnia 1999 (humanitarian) Afghanistan 2002 (anti-terrorism) Iraq 2003 (?)

13. Coup in Iran, 1953: “successful”

14. Bay of Pigs (Cuba), 1961: failed

15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShiHS3Zt GRw&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShiHS3Zt GRw&feature=related