2. rOOT OF wORKFORCE iSSUES ¥ The population of Tuscany is aging ¥ The birth rate is the lowest in EU ¥ Italians are retiring, and young Italians are not replacing the blue collar workforce

3. Average unemployment rate in Tuscany is 4.7% Average unemployment rate in Tuscany is 4.7% Youth unemployment rate is 24% Youth unemployment rate is 24% Many over the age of 50 choose to retire early, and women choose to stay home and raise their families Many over the age of 50 choose to retire early, and women choose to stay home and raise their families Employment Status

4. Retirement Issues  The aging population is choosing to retire over prolonging their work life  There is a great retirement plan – no incentive to work  Since young Italians are unwilling to work, quotas for immigrant workers have been implemented in the last 20 years Retirement Issues  The aging population is choosing to retire over prolonging their work life  There is a great retirement plan – no incentive to work  Since young Italians are unwilling to work, quotas for immigrant workers have been implemented in the last 20 years

5. ‰ Until 1973, Italy was a major emigration nation, with millions of workers working abroad ‰ In the 1980s immigrants came to Italy to work

6.  Between 1984 and 2004, the legal immigration rose from about 300,000 to 2.6 million  The leading countries of Italian immigrants are Romania, Albania and Morocco Immigrants Moving In

7. Tuscany has increased its’ flow of immigrants in the last year to 350,000 Most immigrants are brought in for blue collar work

8. The quota system reserved a subquota for special categories, nurses and information technology workers and high level management employees Nurses are in short supply, therefore they are guaranteed priority to work.

9. Immigrants in the Workforce ₪ Most immigrants are younger; about the same number of men and women ₪ Immigrants work jobs that the native population, especially the younger population, does not want to ₪ Top industries that immigrants hold jobs in are hotels and restaurants, construction, and transport and postal services

10.  Hotels and restaurants - 70,544  Construction - 65,065  Transportation & postal services - 29,425 Job starts by immigrants in blue collar industries

11.  Immigrants are bringing up the unemployment rate for native Italians  20% of job starts in Tuscany, in 2003, were by immigrants  In 2003 alone, there were 771,813 hires of foreign borns  There are about 65,000 work permit holders

12.  An economic workforce issue is that immigrants are sending their money out of Tuscany.  The net flow of money is negative, immigrants are sending more money out of the country to their families, than Italy is receiving.

13.  Immigrants also help the economy  They pay about 1.87 million Euros in taxes each year

14. Language Barriers  Tuscan workforce has mostly Italian fluent workers, even if they are immigrants.  Romanian immigrants feel the least need to learn Italian  Romanian and Italian are both Latin languages so it is easier to understand without actually speaking the language

15.  Tuscan workforce is male dominated  Women choose to stay home to take care of children and elderly  Immigrants have a very small gap between gender in employment  The gap in employment is slowly shrinking with Italy’s legislation dedicating time to avoid gaps and offer equal opportunities

16.  39.3 percent of workforce is female  44 percent of new hires are women  Only.4% of women in the workforce hold management positions  3.4% of men in the workforce hold management positions Women in the Workforce

17. Salary and education Issues in Workforce $ On average, women make substantially half of what men make $ 27.2% of women in the workforce have college degrees $ 25% of men in the workforce have college degree $ 66 percent women have high school diploma $ 64.4 percent men have high school diploma

18.  For every 10 women that leave the workforce, 15 women are hired  For every 10 men that leave the workforce, 8 men are hired  Women hold part time jobs more than men because of family responsibilities

19. Changes that have been implemented by legislation have worked to make a better working climate, equal employment and accommodations for women and motherhood. This is a big step to make the workforce a better place for women in Tuscany. A Better Place for Women

21. References (2007). Immigration in Italy: recent findings. Retrieved May 30, 2008, Web site: http://www.db.caritas.glauco.it/caritastest/informiamoci/Riviste_e_pubbl icazioni/Sussidi2007/Libri/dossierimmigrazione2007/materiale/immigra zione_inglese.pdf (2007). Italian banking association. Retrieved May 30, 2008, from European Commission Web site: http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/equal/data/document/0705-graz- ws4-itbank_en.pdf Chaloff, Jonathan (2005, June). Immigration as a labour market strategy - European and North American perspectives. Retrieved May 30, 2008, Web site: http://www.supplierdiversityeurope.eu/multiattachments/2557/Documen tName/ItalyImmigrationLabourMarketStrategyChaloff.pdf Gianelli, Marie V., Lamura, Giovanni, Principi, Andrea. (2007, September 23). Company initiatives for an ageing workforce in Italy. Retrieved May 30, 2008, Web site: http://eng.newwelfare.org/?p=264

22. Harbin, William (1992, October 5). Labor in Italy. Retrieved May 30, 2008, Web site: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1052/is_n20_v113/ai_133315 34 Newell, Casey (2004, April 20). Illegal immigration in Italy. Retrieved May 30, 2008, Web site: http://www- pub.naz.edu:9000/~cmnewell/costbenefitanalysis.htm Todisco, Enrico Demographic policies of local authorities. Retrieved May 30, 2008, Web site: http://www.ersa.org/ersaconfs/ersa98/papers/65.pdf References