1. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Conifer Plantation Management Another Landowner Workshop In the Caring for Your Land Series.

2. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Why the workshop? u To give you u An opportunity to learn u Information to plan and implement u Tools to manage your conifer plantations

3. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops What’s in the Workshop? u An overview of conifer plantation management.  Information on: Species Forest History Planting Management Planning  Modules on: Crop Planning Forest Operations Timber sales and marketing Biodiversity Plantation problems

4. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops What Else? u Reference material u Interesting web sites u Field trips u Useful equipment u Hints and advice u Demonstration sites

5. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Conifer Plantations Module #1 Introduction To Plantation Management 1-1

6. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Forest history in Southern Ontario u Original great pine forests and hardwoods u Early 1900s large tracts of land turned into empty wastelands u Nutrients of soil depleted, topsoil lost u Land lost ability to store water u Droughts and floods u Idle land in Eastern Ontario since 1940s 1-4

7. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops The WIA Program u Started in 1967 u Put idle land back into forest u Over 10,000 properties u Most less than 10 hectares 1-5

8. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Why Plant Conifers? u Shorten the time to re-establish a forest u Nurse crop for hardwoods u Quality seedlings in nurseries u Stabilize and rehabilitate soil u Windbreak u Investment 1-6

9. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops The Life Cycle of a Managed Plantation u Usually 60-80 years total u Managing takes time, money,effort and knowledge

10. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Meeting Your Objectives u Investment u Site protection u Recreation u Conservation u Wildlife u Aesthetics u Multiple use 1-7

11. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Plantation Role u Plantation ecosystem constantly evolving towards the desired natural forest after one rotation u Nurse crop in the restoration of pre- settlement upland hardwood and pine forests u Provide some wildlife habitat 1-39

12. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Conifers vs. Deciduous u Also called Gymnosperms, ever greens, needle-bearing trees and softwoods u Most don’t shed leaves in the fall u Reproductive structures separate them from other (deciduous) trees u No true flowers u Seed bearing cones u Wood composed of different type of cells then deciduous trees u 650 species worldwide

13. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Conifer Species of Ontario Pines u Red Pine u White Pine u Jack Pine u Scots Pine Spruces u White Spruce u Norway Spruce u Black Spruce Cedars u White Cedar Larches u European Larch u Tamarack

14. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Red Pine u Grows best on deep well-drained sands and sandy loams u Nurse crop for development of hardwoods u Usually not part of future forest u Range of forest products 1-8

15. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops White Pine u Moist, well-drained sandy loams, sands, clays u Nurse crop for hardwoods u Part of next forest u High value forest products 1-9

16. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Jack Pine u Well-drained soils and dry sites u Nurse crop for difficult sites for hardwoods u Site protection and rehabilitation u Little opportunity for forest products u Not native to this part of Ontario 1-10

17. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops White Spruce u Moist sands, sandy loams, clay loams and well-drained clays u Will be a component of next stand u Good markets for pulp and sawlogs u Branches are tenacious 1-11

18. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops White Cedar u Acid or alkaline soils, shallow soils u Grows well on shallow soils over limestone u Turns marginal land into a productive site u Important wildlife habitat 1-12

19. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Other Species In Eastern Ontario u European larch — well-drained loams, sandy loams u Tamarack — moist sites, swamps, heavy clays, coarse sands Elsewhere in Ontario Norway spruceScots pineblack spruce red oakwhite ashsilver maple green ashback walnutpoplars black locust 1-13

20. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Designing the Plantation u Look at whole property u Match species to site conditions u Consider contours u Establish spacing u Rows at right angle to prevailing wind u Think about harvest u Planting course offered 1-14

21. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Preparing the Site u Control vegetation u Mechanical u Mowing u Ploughing u Scalping u Chemical u Total site u Strip u Spot u Manual u mulch 1-15

22. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Getting Ready to Plant u Ordering numbers to match spacing design u Only get trees when ready to plant u Water 1-16 u Types of stock u Bare root u Balled u Container u Cool storage

23. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Planting Methods u Machine Planting u Larger areas u May be site prepared u Tractor access u Hand planting u Smaller rougher areas u Irregular site u 500/day, physically fit 1-17

24. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Hand Planting Wedge method 1-18

25. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Tending u Must keep vegetation under control u Tend until seedling is “free-to-grow” u Methods include: spray, mulches, mats and mowing 1-19

26. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Assessment u Inspect plantation regularly u Look for: u Dead trees u Dying trees u Needles being eaten u Yellowing u Refill if required 1-20

27. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Plantation Dynamics  Trees will die if too crowded  Branches will be too big if too few trees  Need to maintain optimum growing space for trees as they mature  Plant over 2,500 trees per hectare in order to have a final crop of 200-300 trees  Thinning is important 1-28

28. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Understocked Plantations u Too much open space u Large crowns u Large thick branches u Space between trees under-utilized u When is “wide” too wide? 1-29

29. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Overstocked Plantations u Small crowns u Slow growing u Susceptible to windthrow, insects, diseases u Reduced product potential u Limited management options 1-30

30. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Optimum Stocking u What you are aiming for u Right number of trees varies with age and diameter u Increase product potential u Healthier plantation u Growing vigoursly u Better able to tolerate insect, disease and weather 1-31

31. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Managing Your Plantation u Management is important u Managing involves periodic thinnings u Management may include prunning disease and insect control u You should have a management plan u Possible property tax reduction with MFTIP u Possible significant income tax benefits if managed as a business

32. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops First Thinning Scenario u First thinning u 25-30 years u 15-20 cm average diameter (Dbh) u up to 33% of the original stand u Usually every 4th row plus 1 tree out of 5-6 on other rows 1-32

33. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Subsequent Thinnings u 8-10 years apart u Remove the poorest and leave the best u Release your best u Promote and protect regeneration u Maintain health and vigour 1-35

34. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Equipment Used in Plantations u Harvesters u Forwarders u Trucks u Skidders u Horses 1-33

35. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Sales and Marketing u Why a formal contract? u Honest u Clarifies roles and responsibilities for both parties u Legally binding u Payments and schedules u Performance u “Good fences make good neighbours. Good contracts keep good friends.” 1-34

36. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops The New Forest u Regeneration appears as you thin u Supplement with seedlings u Protect as you harvest 1-36

37. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Some $ Value for Thinning 1-37 Product Type u Potential Revenue with Thinning Program u Potential Revenue with no Thinning Program Commercial ThinningFinal HarvestTotal Net Revenue Year ‘36Year ‘49Year ‘64 Pulpwood Sawlogs $1,112$1,220 $517 $3,540 $15,510 $5,872 $16,027 Total/hc$1,112$1,737$19,050$21,899 Product TypeFinal Harvest Year ‘60 Pulpwood Sawlogs $4,180 $4,230 Total/hc$8,410 u 22 thousand per hectare compared to 8 thousand!!! u Management pays

38. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Summary u Determining your objectives u Designing u Preparing u Planting u Tending u Thinning u Regenerating u Harvesting u New Forest 1-41

39. Conifer Plantation Management Caring for Your Land Series of Workshops Conifer Plantation Management Workshops u Have been funded by: u Ministry of Natural Resources and u Eastern Ontario Model Forest through u The Stewardship Program u Prepared by Bill Hardy, Hardy Consulting 1-42