1. Protestant Reformation
Chapter 15:
Protestant Reformation

2. Reformation Shift of Power from Church to State
Catholic Church was excessively powerful and corrupt in the late Middle Ages

3. Reformation Indulgences
Sold indulgences to finance building projects during the Renaissance.
An indulgences was a piece of paper that the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory
to reduce time in purgatory

4. Christian Humanism
Humanists focused on reason and education to improve oneself
Christian humanists believed in individual understanding of the Bible and God
Erasmus, others, criticized aspects of Catholicism such as the sacraments, in favor of a personal piousness

5. Christian Humanism
Erasmus, others, criticized aspects of Catholicism such as the sacraments, in favor of a personal piousness
The Praise of Folly humorously criticized aspects of the church
The Praise of Folly humorously criticized aspects of the church written by Erasmus

6. Martin Luther Monk/professor of theology at Wittenberg
Monk/professor of idea of Justification by Faith as the means to salvation, belief
Monk/professor of theology at Wittenberg
Developed idea of Justification by Faith as the means to salvation, belief in the Bible as the only source of religious authority
n the Bible as the only source of religious authority
Offended by the sale of indulgences, he posted his 95 Theses

7. Indulgences
Offended by the sale of indulgences, he posted his 95 Theses
Excommunicated in 1521, called before the Diet of Worms by HRE Charles V
Luther was outlawed, but protected by the elector of Saxony and other German princes

8. Martin Luther
State-sanctioned Lutheran churches developed, but dissension occurred among converts

9. Lutheranism
Lutheranism allowed for vernacular church services, focusing on the scriptures, allowed marriage of clergy, etc.
Opposed by H.R.E Charles V, who was Catholic, but was unable to focus on the issue due to external threats and internal dissension

10. Lutheranism
Peace of Augsburg (1555) recognized Lutheranism in “Germany”, allowed rulers to decide what religion they wanted to practice

11. Calvinism
John Calvin agreed with Luther’s basic ideas, but also believed in Predestination-God had predetermined who was going to heaven.
Formed theocracy in Geneva
Followers formed the Huguenot Church in France, Presbyterian in Scotland, Puritans in America
in France, Presburchyterian in Scotland, Puritans in America

12. Church of England
Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, but his request was denied by the Pope who did not want to anger her nephew, Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor
Act of Supremacy (1534) made monarch head of Church of England

13. Church of England
Henry created Church of England, with few differences from Catholicism
Act of Supremacy (1534) made monarch head of Church of England

14. Henry’s Successors Son Edward (1547-53) rules briefly
Mary, the daughter of Catherine came to power (with husband Philip II of Spain, son of Charles V)
Tried to restore Catholicism, burned 300 Protestant ‘heretics”, earning nickname “Bloody Mary”

15. Henry’s Successors

16. Elizabethan Policies
Mary was deposed and replaced by Elizabeth (I), who was more tolerant and mitigated religious conflict
Anabaptists arose as group that felt religion was voluntary, believed in adult baptism, lay ministry, separation of church and state.

17. Elizabethan Policies
Protestantism led to focus on personal worship and Sunday church services, efforts to curb pubs, etc.
The Elizabethan Age ( ) boasted commercial expansion and exploration and colonization in the New World, especially after the English fleet destroyed the Spanish Armada in 1588.

18. Counter-Reformation
Efforts were made to win back converts & stop people from leaving Catholicism
Founding of Jesuit society- missionaries, absolutely loyal to Pope, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, schools, etc.
Jesuit society- missionaries, absolutely loyal to Pope, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, schools, etc.

19. Counter-Reformation
Reforms of Papacy- Paul III ( ) took power back from bishops, etc.
Council of Trent , 3 sessions, reformed church, but reaffirmed Catholic practices.

20. Religious Conflict
French wars of Religion ( )- Nobility was 40% Huguenot, House of Valois was Catholic, towns and provinces resisted central authority
French Wars of Religion ( )- Nobility was 40% Huguenot, House of Valois was Catholic, towns and provinces resisted central authority
Eventually Bourbons came to power, Henry IV converted to Catholicism, but issued Edict of Nantes in 1598 which granted tolerance and toleration to the Huguenots
COnf

21. Religious Conflict
30-Years War in Germany ended with the Treaty of Westphalia which allowed each ruler to choose the religion of his
30-Years War in Germany ended with the Treaty of Westphalia which allowed each ruler to choose the religion of his kingdom/principality, in general northern Germany (e.g. Prussia) became Lutheran, southern (e.g. Bavaria & Austria) remained Catholic.
ral northern Germany (e.g. Prussia) became Lutheran, southern (e.g. Bavaria & Austria) remained Catholic

22. Europe After the 30 Years War

23. Chapter 15
Absolutism

24. Absolutism
Defined as total authority for the ruler with no checks (e.g. Took over at age 23 upon Mazarin’s death, centralized authority
Defined as total authority for the ruler with no checks (e.g. Parliament), linked with Divine Right

25. Louis XIV
Louis XIV ( ), with Mazarin as a regent, after Louis XIII/Richlieu
Took over at age 23 upon Mazarin’s death, centralized authority
Quintessential absolute monarch

26. Louis XIV
Built Versailles to control nobility by occupying them with court concerns rather than politics
Louis XIV Repealed the Edict of Nantes

27. Louis XIV
Assisted by his finance minister Colbert, who adhered to a mercantilist philosophy
Fought numerous wars, such as the War of the Spanish Succession, etc.

28. “Germany” by Hohenzollerns Prussia centralized by Hohenzollerns
Prussia and Austria emerged as the dominant powers after 30 Years’ War
Prussia centralized by Hohenzollerns
Frederick William the Great Elector ( ) built standing army and centralized authority
Succeeded by Frederick I, made Brandenburg-Prussia into Prussia
by Hohenzollerns

29. Austria Hapsburgs in Austria retained the title Holy Roman Emperors
Germany still consisted of many disparate territories

30. Russia at (1689-1725) attempts to modernize and westernize
Russia- Ivan IV ( ) was the first Tsar, expanded Russian territory eastward
Dynasty ended in 1598 with the Time of Troubles, Zemsky Sobor chose Romanov dynasty
at ( ) attempts to modernize and westernize

31. Russia
Peter:
Peter the Great ( ) attempts to modernize and westernize
Imposed Western fashion & ideas
Reorganized military & government
Claimed state control of the Orthodox church
Increased rights of women increased
fashion & ideas
& government

32. Limited Monarch in England
Stuart dynasty under James I (cousin) replaces Tudors after Elizabeth
Petition of Right (1628) limited Charles I’s power to tax
f Right (1628) limited Charles I’s power to tax

33. English Civil War
Since Charles I ruled over Scotland AND England, there were several religions
Charles I wanted one religion – ended up in Civil War when the Scots rebelled
power
Supporters of Charles I = Royalists or Cavaliers
The opposition supports Parliament = Roundheads

34. English Civil War
War cost money, so Charles needed Parliament. Parliament hated him and wanted to limit his power
Supporters of Charles I = Royalists or Cavaliers
The opposition supports Parliament = Roundheads
Under leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the puritan roundheads finally won (1646)
Took Charles I hostage, tried him in front of the public and executed him

35. Limited monarchy in England
English Revolution ( ) results in temporary Commonwealth, then restoration of the Charles II of the Stuart dynasty in 1660
lish Revolution ( ) results in temporary Commonwealth, then restoration of the Charles II of the Stuart dynasty in 1660

36. Limited monarchy in England
Charles succeeded by his brother James II, who was eventually deposed in favor of William and Mary in 1688 in what became known as the Glorious Revolution because it asserted the power of parliament over the monarchs
Bill of Rights in 1689 protected the rights of individuals and limited the power of monarchs

37. Philosophical Ideas about Monarchy
Hobbes (Leviathan) supported strong monarchy in late 1500s
Locke (Two Treatises on Government) proposed the right to revolution in defense of the Glorious Revolution