1. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies System-Level Hardware-Based Protection of Memories against Soft-Errors Valentin Gherman Samuel Evain Mickael Cartron Nathaniel Seymour Yannick Bonhomme

2. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies New constraints –Increasing design & manufacturing costs –Decreasing time-to-market –Increasing reliability and yield problems of nanometer technologies Memory systems remain the most vulnerable New requirements –Low-cost solutions Cross-domain & cross-application platform-based design –Flexible solutions Power, Performance, Reliability Motivation

3. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies Low Cost [1, 3] –Flexibility –Standard interconnect & memory Hardware-based [1, 2] –Concurrent error detection –Transient & permanent faults System-level [3] –Software-based Related EDAC-based memory protection schemes [1] GRLIB IP Core User’s Manual, Version 1.0.19, September 2008, pages 227, 248 [2] R. Mariani, G. Boschi, Solid-State Electronics 49, 2005 [3] P.P. Shirvani, N. Saxena, E.J. McCluskey, Transactions on Reliability, September 2000 [1, 2] Processor Core Interconnection [3] Standard Memory Data Word EDAC1 … EDACn EDAC1... EDACm

4. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies RSM Low Cost [1, 3, RSM] –Flexibility –Standard interconnect & memory Hardware-based [1, 2, RSM] –Concurrent error detection –Transient & permanent faults System-level [3, RSM] Reliability Service Manager (RSM) [1] GRLIB IP Core User’s Manual, Version 1.0.19, September 2008, pages 227, 248 [2] R. Mariani, G. Boschi, Solid-State Electronics 49, 2005 [3] P.P. Shirvani, N. Saxena, E.J. McCluskey, Transactions on Reliability, September 2000 [1, 2] Processor Core Standard Memory Data Word EDAC1 … EDACn EDAC1... EDACm [3] Standard Interconnection

5. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies RSM: address calculation of EDAC codes @EDAC = OffSet  [ (Mask  @DW) >> log 2 n ]  @DW % n –@DW = address of a protected data word (DW) –OffSet, Mask are parameters –n = DW width / EDAC code width Standard Memory Data Word (DW) 1 EDAC 1 OffSet Check Words Data Word (DW) n …. EDAC n EDAC code position in a memory word

6. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies RSM plugged on the bus arbiter (1) Scales well with the number of masters in the system Hide supplementary RSM-memory accesses to the arbiter Processor (Master 1) Processor (Master n) Main Memory (Slave) Main Memory (Slave) RSM Bus arbiter …

7. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies Interface RSM: AHB master  AHB slave AHB Master WCTRL ADDR WDATA SWCTRL SADDR SWDATA MWCTRL MADDR MWDATA AHB Arbiter RSM AHB Slave (Memory) MUX1 MUX2 Data bits Check bits RSM plugged on the bus arbiter (2)

8. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies Interface RSM: AHB slave  AHB master AHB Master AHB Slave (Memory ) AHB Arbiter SRCTRL SRDATA SRCTRL SRDATA MRCTRL MRDATA RCTRL RDATA MUX3 RSM RSM plugged on the bus arbiter (3)

9. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies RSM Implementation 2.5 ns & 4154 NAND2 ( 130 nm HCMOS9) Clock cycle overhead (MiBench benchmarks) Processor without memory cache Processor with memory cache

10. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies RSM associated to each master on the interconnection sub-system Larger fault coverage of the interconnection sub-system Better system performance Interconnection RSM Processor (Master 1) Processor (Master 1) RSM Processor (Master n) Processor (Master n) Main Memory (Slave) Main Memory (Slave) …

11. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies RSM as a MMU wrapper Physical address space –Page-level granularity of the protected zones Virtual address space –Number of protection zones equal to the number of integrity levels Protect MMU-generated memory accesses MMU RSM Processor Main Memory

12. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies RSM with solid-state secondary storage sub-system Transfers protected by RSM –Blocks with protected data from memory to secondary storage Unprotected mode transfers –All blocks from secondary storage to secondary storage –Blocks with unprotected data and checksums from memory to secondary storage Interconnection RSM Processor RSM DMA Main Memory Secondary Storage

13. Laboratoire d' Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies Conclusions Low cost –Flexible: cross-domain & cross-application –Standard memory, storage & interconnections –Easy integration into the system (IP core) Small size (same size as an UART) –No modification of application software –Low impact on system performance Yield & Reliability –Permanent & transient faults Programmability & Flexibility –Size, location & integrity levels of protected zones –Programmable Offset & Mask parameters