1. Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 27
Flowering Plants: Reproduction
Lecture Outline
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2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Slide #2
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Reproduction in Plants
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 8
mitosis
anther 1 7
sporophyte
seed 2
ovule
zygote
diploid(2n)
ovary 6
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
haploid(n) 3
microspore
egg
megaspore
sperm 4 5
mitosis
Male gametophyte
(pollen graIn)
Female gametophyte
(embryo sac) 2

3. Sexual Reproductive Strategies
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Sexual Reproductive Strategies
Reproduction in Plants
A flower produces
Microspore - Male gametophyte
Becomes pollen grain
Megaspore - Female gametophyte
Becomes the female gametophyte, an embryo sac within an ovule within an ovary
Ovule becomes a seed
Ovary becomes a fruit

4. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Anatomy of a Flower
Reproduction in Plants
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
stamen
carpel
anther
stigma
filament
style
ovary
petal
ovule
receptacle
sepal
peduncle

5. Sexual Reproductive Strategies
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Sexual Reproductive Strategies
Reproduction in Plants
Sepals protect the bud
Petals attract pollinators
Stamens: male
Anther - Saclike container
Filament - Slender stalk
Carpel: female
Stigma - Enlarged sticky knob
Style - Slender stalk
Ovary - Enlarged base enclosing ovules

6. Sexual Reproductive Strategies
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Sexual Reproductive Strategies
Reproduction in Plants
Complete vs. incomplete flowers:
Complete flowers have sepals, petals, stamens, and a carpel
Incomplete flowers are missing one or more of above
Perfect vs. imperfect flowers:
Perfect (bisexual)
Imperfect (unisexual)

7. Life Cycle of Flowering Plants
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Slide #7
Life Cycle of Flowering Plants
Reproduction in Plants
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
anther
Development of the male
gametophyte:
Development of the female
gametophyte:
In pollen sacs of the anther , a
microspore mother cell undergoes
meiosis to produce 4 microspores
each
In an ovule within an ovary, a
megaspore mother cell
undergoes meiosis to
Produce 4 megaspores.
Mature Seed
seed coat
anther
The ovule
develops into a
seed containing
the embryonic
sporophyte and
endosperm.
mitosis
ovule
Pollen sac
ovary
Ovule
ovary
embryo
endosperm (3n)
microspore
mother cell
megaspore
mother cell
Sporophyte
Seed
diploid (2n)
DOUBLE FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS
haploid (n)
ovule
wall
Pollination
tube cell
Microspores
During double
fertilization, one
sperm from the
Male gametophyte
Will fertilize the
egg; another
Sperm will join with
polar nuclei to
produce the 3n
endosperm.
Development of
the sporophyte:
generative cell
Megaspores
Pollination
occurs;
a pollen grain
germinates and
produces a pollen
Microspores
develop into male
gametophytes
(pollen grains).
mitosis
megaspore
pollen
tube
ovule
Pollen grain
(male gametophyte)
wall
3 megaspores
disintegrate
sperm
antipodals
One megaspore
becomes the
embryo sac
(female
gametophyte).
mitosis
integument
Mature male
gametophyte
polar nuclei
micropyle
polar nuclei
tube
cell
nucleus
egg cell
synergids
egg
sperm
Embryo sac
(mature female gametophyte)
(Top): Courtesy Graham Kent; (Bottom): © Ed Reschke 7

8. Sexual Reproductive Strategies
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Sexual Reproductive Strategies
Reproduction in Plants
Pollination
Transfer of pollen
Self-pollination vs. Cross-pollination
Fertilization
Pollen lands on stigma, germinates, forming a pollen tube
Mature seed contains the embryo, stored food, & seed coat

9. Development of an Eudicot Embryo
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Development of an Eudicot Embryo
Reproduction in Plants
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Arabidopsis thaliana
endosperm
endosperm nucleus
embryo
suspensor
zygote
basal cell 1 2
Proembryo stage: Embryo
(green) is multicellular and
the suspensor (purple) is
functional.
zygote
Zygote stage: Double
fertilization results in zygote
(true green) and endosperm.
(Proembryo): Courtesy Dr. Chun-Ming Liu; (Torpedo): © Biology Media/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Mature embryo): © Jack Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited

10. Development of an Eudicot Embryo (continued)
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Slide #10
Development of an Eudicot Embryo (continued)
Reproduction in Plants
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
A. thaliana
A. thaliana
Capsella
Capsella
hypocotyl
(root axis)
epicotyl (shoot
apical meristem)
shoot apical
meristem
bending
cotyledons
endosperm
cotyledons appearing
seed
coat
endosperm
root
apical
meristem
radicle
(root apical
meristem)
cotyledons 3 4
Heart stage: Embryo is
heart shaped. 5
Torpedo stage: Embryo is
torpedo shaped; the
cotyledons are obvious. 6
Mature embryo stage: The
epicotyl will be the shoot
system; the hypocotyl will
be the root system.
Globular stage:
Embryo is globe
shaped.
(Proembryo): Courtesy Dr. Chun-Ming Liu; (Torpedo): © Biology Media/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Mature embryo): © Jack Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited 10

11. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Monocot vs. Eudicot
Reproduction in Plants
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
seed coat
plumule
pericarp
hypocotyl
endosperm
coleoptile
radicle
cotyledon
embryo
embryo
cotyledon
plumule
radicle
coleorhiza a. b.
a: © Dwight Kuhn; b: Courtesy Ray F. Evert/University of Wisconsin Madison

12. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Fruits
Chapter 28
Reproduction in Plants
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Drupe
True Berry
chamber of
ovary has
many seeds
exocarp
pericarp
exocarp (skin)
mesocarp (flesh)
endocarp (pit
contains seed)
a. A drupe is a fleshy fruit with a pit containing a single seed produced from a simple ovary.
b. A berry is a fleshy fruit having seeds and pulp produced from a compound ovary.
Legume
Samara
seed covered by pericarp
wing
pericarp
seed
c. A legume is a dry dehiscent fruit produced from a simple ovary.
d. A samara is a dry indehiscent fruit produced from a simple ovary .
Aggregate Fruit
Multiple Fruit
fruit from many
ovaries of a
single flower
e. An aggregate fruit contains many fleshy fruits produced from simple ovaries of the same flower.
one fruit
fruits from ovaries
of many flowers
f. A multiple fruit contains many fused fruits produced from simple
ovaries of individual flowers.
a, b: © Kingsley Stern; c: © Dr. James Richardson/Visuals Unlimited; d: © James Mauseth; e: Courtesy Robert A. Schlising; f: © Ingram Publishing/Alamy

13. Fruit Dispersal by Animals
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Fruit Dispersal by Animals
Reproduction in Plants
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. b.
a: © Marie Read/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc.

14. Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
Reproduction in Plants
Seed Germination
Embryo resumes growth & metabolic activity
Length of viability is variable
Some seeds do not germinate until they have been through a dormant period
Temperate zones - Cold Weather

15. Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
Reproduction in Plants
Environmental requirements for seed germination
Availability of oxygen for metabolic needs
Adequate temperature for enzyme activity
Adequate moisture for hydration of cells

16. Eudicot and Monocot Seed Structure and Germination
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Eudicot and Monocot Seed Structure and Germination
Reproduction in Plants
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
cotyledons
(two)
pericarp
plumule
endosperm
hypocotyl
cotyledon
(one)
radicle
coleoptile
plumule
seed coat
radicle
cotyledon
coleorhiza
Seed structure
Corn kernel
true leaf
first true leaves
(primary leaves)
epicotyl
withered
cotyledons
first leaf
seed
coat
cotyledons
(two)
hypocotyl
coleoptile
prop root
coleoptile
radicle
hypocotyl
secondary
root
adventitious
root
primary root
primary
root
primary
root
coleorhiza
Bean germination and growth
Corn germination and growth a.
a: © Ed Reschke; b: © James Mauseth b.

17. Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 28
Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Reproduction in Plants
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Parent plant
stolon
Asexually produced offspring
© G.I. Bernard/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes