1. Introduction to Computer Organization
What is inside a computer?
How does it execute my program? ?

2. System Organization I/O Bus Memory Bus Core Chip Set interrupts
Processor
Cache
Memory Bus
I/O Bridge
Core Chip Set
I/O Bus
Main
Memory
Disk
Controller
Graphics
Controller
Network
Interface
Graphics
Disk
Disk
Network

3. What is Computer Architecture?
Coordination of levels of abstraction
Application
Software
Operating
System
Interface Between
HW and SW
Compiler
Firmware
Instruction Set
Architecture, Memory, I/O
CPU
Memory
I/O system
Digital Design
Circuit Design
Hardware
Under a set of rapidly changing Forces

4. Coordination of many levels of abstraction
Application (Netscape)
Operating
Compiler
System
(Windows 98)
Software
Assembler
Instruction Set
Architecture
Hardware
Processor
Memory
I/O system
Datapath & Control
Digital Design
Circuit Design
transistors
Coordination of many levels of abstraction

5. Computer System: Layers of Abstraction
Application Program
Language
Instruction Set Architecture
(and I/O Interfaces)
Microarchitecture
Circuits
Devices
Algorithms
Software
Hardware

6. Levels of Representation
temp = v[k];
v[k] = v[k+1];
v[k+1] = temp;
High Level Language Program
Compiler
lw $15, 0($2)
lw $16, 4($2)
sw $16, 0($2)
sw $15, 4($2)
Assembly Language Program
Assembler
Machine Language Program
Machine Interpretation
Control Signal Specification

7. Universal Computing Device
All computers, given enough time and memory, are capable of computing exactly the same things. = =
PDA
Workstation
Supercomputer
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

8. Evolution of Multilevel Machines
Bare hardware
Microprogramming
Operating system
Compilers
Hardware / software interface
Simple ISA
CISC
RISC
EPIC (Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing)

9. RISC and CISC designs Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
Uses simple instructions
Operands are assumed to be in processor registers
Not in memory
Simplifies design
Example : Fixed instruction size
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
Uses complex instruction
Operands can be in registers or memory
Instruction size varies
Typically uses a microprogram

10. Computer Organization
Von Neumann Machine
Processor
Accumulator หน่วยความจำส่วนที่ใช้เก็บผลที่ได้จากการคำนวณ โดยเก็บเอาไว้ในตำแหน่ง
ของ register

11. Processor and Caches To main memory Processor Processor Module
External Cache
Datapath
Registers
Internal
Cache
Control
Processor
To main memory

12. Datapath
Memory
I/O

13. Bus-Based Computer

15. Anatomy of a Modern PC (Peripheral Component Interconnet)
(Industry Standard Architecture)

16. Multiprocessors

17. Forces on Computer Architecture
Programming
Technology
Languages
Applications
Computer
Architecture
Operating
Systems
History
(A = F / M)

18. Applications and Languages
CAD, CAM, CAE, . . .
Lotus, DOS, . . .
Multimedia, . . .
The Web, . . .
JAVA, . . .
The Net => ubiquitous computing
???

19. Where are We Going?? מבנה מחשבים  Arithmetic Single/multicycle
Datapaths
µProc
60%/yr.
(2X/1.5yr)
DRAM
9%/yr.
(2X/10 yrs) 1 10
100
1000
1980
1981
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
CPU
1982
Processor-Memory
Performance Gap: (grows 50% / year)
Performance
Time
“Moore’s Law”
מבנה
מחשבים
IFetch
Dcd
Exec
Mem WB
Pipelining
Memory Systems 
I/O