1. Interaction Tasks Select Position Orient Quantify Text

2. Selection Factors Continuity Parallelism Experimental results Costs Reliability

3. Design issues Control/display ratio Control/display compatibility Direction relations Fitts' law Position vs. velocity control

4. Models

5. Saul Greenberg Syntactic/semantic model of user knowledge A high level model of interaction, developed by Ben Shneiderman ActionObjectActionObject Task Computer Semantic Syntactic

6. Saul Greenberg 1. Syntactic knowledge The rules or combinations of commands and signals –seen as device-dependent details of how to use system –examples: backspace key delete previous character tab move to next field in a form right mouse buttoncontext menu grep find word in a file control-shift-Ksearch messages (thunderbird)

7. Saul Greenberg Syntactic 1. Syntactic knowledge (continued) User problems with syntactic knowledge syntactic details differ between (and within!) systems –little consistency –> arbitrary hard to learn easily forgotten

8. Saul Greenberg Action Object Computer 2. Semantic knowledge: Computer concepts The meaning behind computer concepts People learn them by –meaningful learning –demonstrations –explanations of features –trial by error –models, analogies relatively stable in memory –high level concepts –logical structure –cognitive model produced usually transferable across computer systems –but not always But: prefer to concentrate on task, not computer knowledge

9. Saul Greenberg Action Object Task 3. Semantic knowledge: task concepts The meaning behind the task concepts –is independent of the computer –Similar mechanism to computer concepts Examples –how to write a business plan format concerns stylistic concerns paragraph structure, etc. –creating a budget

10. Saul Greenberg What Syntactic/Semantic Model reveals Mapping between the 3 items is key –Task semantics to computer semantics to computer syntax task semantics: write document computer semantics: open a file, use editor, save it to disk computer syntax: select menu items, key strokes for formatting,... –Bad mapping: using latex to write document aside from task semantics, must also know semantics/syntax of: –text editor –latex –Unix compiling and printing sequence (to typeset and print) –Good mapping: trashcan to throw away files must know mouse syntax of selecting and dragging computer semantics almost analogous to task semantics

11. Saul Greenberg Guideline from syntactic/semantic model Reduce burden to task-oriented user of learning separate computer semantics and syntax computer semantics –Use metaphors –hide unnecessary information computer syntax –A little learning should go a long way... –As simple as possible and uniformly applicable –Generic commands –Syntax consistent between systems

12. Saul Greenberg Four Stages of an Interaction (a simplified version of Norman’s 7 stages) 1. Form intention 2. Select an action 3. Execute the action 4. Evaluate the outcome

13. Saul Greenberg The four stages when performing a task Physical activity Execution Action Specification Intention Goals Evaluation Interpretation Perception Mental activity expectation

14. Saul Greenberg Example task: improve document’s formatting intention-1 intention-2 intention-3 action specification evaluate-1 evaluate-2 evaluate-3 interpretation intention-4 evaluate-4 look better block para.pp->.sp execution perception get formatted output action specification execution interpretation printer perception

15. Saul Greenberg Goals Physical System gulf of execution Gulf of Execution Do actions provided by system correspond to the intentions of the user? Gulf: –amount of effort exerted to transform intentions into selected and executed actions Good system: –direct mappings between Intention and selections

16. Saul Greenberg Goals Physical System gulf of evaluation Gulf of Evaluation Can feedback be interpreted in terms of intentions and expectations? Gulf: –amount of effort exerted to interpret feedback Good system: –feedback easily interpreted as task expectations

17. Saul Greenberg Bridging the Gulfs Goals Physical System execution bridge intentions action specifications interface mechanism evaluation bridge interpretations interface display evaluations