1. Essentials of Understanding Psychology 9 th Edition By Robert Feldman PowerPoints by Kimberly Foreman Revised for 9th Ed by Cathleen Hunt Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 1

2. Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 2

3. MODULE 24: Explaining Motivation How does motivation direct and energize behavior? 3 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

4. Motivation Factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms 4 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

5. Instinct Approaches Born to Be Motivated Instincts –Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned Psychologists do not agree on what, or how many, primary instincts exist 5 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

6. Drive-Reduction Approaches Satisfying Our Needs Suggest that a lack of some basic biological requirement such as water produces a drive to obtain that requirement –Drive Motivation tension, or arousal, that energized behavior to fulfill a need Primary drives Secondary drives 6 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

7. Drive-Reduction Approaches Homeostasis –Body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state Underlies primary drives Uses feedback loops Need for food, water, stable body temperature, and sleep 7 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

8. Arousal Approaches Beyond Drive Reduction –Seek to explain behavior in which the goal is to maintain or increase excitement People vary widely in the optimal level of arousal they seek out 8 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

9. Incentive Approaches Motivation’s Pull Suggest that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives –Many psychologists believe that the internal drives proposed by drive-reduction theory work in tandem with the external incentives of incentive theory to “push” and “pull” behavior 9 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

10. Cognitive Approaches The Thoughts Behind Motivation Suggest that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts, expectations, and goals –Intrinsic motivation –Extrinsic motivation 10 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

11. Maslow’s Hierarchy Ordering Motivational Needs Suggests that before more sophisticated, higher-order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied –Abraham Maslow Self-actualization –State of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential 11 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

12. Maslow’s Hierarchy 12 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

13. MODULE 25: Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring What biological and social factors underlie hunger? What are the varieties of sexual behavior? How are needs relating to achievement, affiliation, and power motivation exhibited? 13 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

14. The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating 14 Obesity –¼ of people in the United States –Body Mass Index (BMI) Based on ratio of weight to height Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

15. The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger –Hypothalamus Monitors glucose levels Lateral hypothalamus Ventromedial hypothalamus –Weight set point –Metabolism 15 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

16. The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating Social Factors in Eating –Societal rules –Cultural influences –Individual habits –Operant conditioning Associating food with comfort and consolation 16 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

17. The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating The Roots of Obesity –Oversensitivity to external eating cues –Insensitivity to internal hunger cues –Higher weight set points Leptin –Fat Cells in the Body Rate of weight gain during the first four months of life is related to being overweight during later childhood 17 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

18. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa –Refusal to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance are unusual Bulimia –Disorder in which people binge on large quantities of food –Purging –Exercise bulimia 18 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

19. Brains of People with Eating Disorders 19 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

20. Dieting and Losing Weight Successfully There is no easy route to weight control Keep track of what you eat and what you weigh Eat “big” foods –Bulky and heavy but low in calories Cut out television Exercise 20 Decrease the influence of external, social stimuli on your eating behavior Avoid fad diets Avoid taking diet pills –There is no magic pill Maintain good eating habits Set reasonable goals Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

21. Sexual Motivation 21 Androgens –Male sex hormones Estrogens and Progesterone –Female sex hormones –Greatest output occurs during ovulation Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

22. Sexual Motivation Masturbation: Solitary Sex –Sexual self-stimulation, often using the hand to rub the genitals Heterosexuality –Sexual attraction and behavior directed to the other sex 22 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

23. Sexual Motivation Premarital Sex –Double standard –Dramatic change in public opinion Marital Sex –Frequency varies –Extramarital sex 23 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

24. Sexual Motivation Homosexuality –Sexually attracted to members of their own sex Gay Lesbian Bisexuality –Sexually attracted to people of the same sex and the other sex 24 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

25. Sexual Motivation Transsexualism –Transsexuals People who believe they were born with the body of the other gender Some seek sex-change operations –Transgenderism Transsexuals and people who view themselves as a third gender, transvestites, or others who believe that traditional male-female gender classification inadequately characterizes themselves 25 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

26. The Needs for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power Need for Achievement –Stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence 26 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

27. The Needs for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power Need for Affiliation: Striving for Friendship –An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people Gender is a great determinant of how much time is spent with friends 27 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

28. The Needs for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power Need for Power: Striving for Impact on Others –Tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and to be seen as a powerful individual More apt to belong to organizations and seek office 28 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

29. MODULE 26: Understanding Emotional Experiences What are emotions, and how do we experience them? What are the functions of emotions? What are the explanations for emotions? How does nonverbal behavior relate to the expression of emotions? 29 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

30. Emotions Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior 30 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

31. The Functions of Emotions Preparing us for action Shaping our future behavior Helping us interact more effectively with others 31 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

32. Hierarchy of Emotions Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 32

33. Determining the Range of Emotions: Labeling Our Feelings There are various ways of categorizing emotions Most researchers suggest that basic emotions include: –Happiness –Anger –Fear –Sadness –Disgust 33 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

34. The Roots of Emotions The James-Lange Theory –Do gut reactions equal emotions? –Emotions are a result of physiological changes that produce specific sensations –The brain interprets these sensations as specific kinds of emotional experiences 34 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

35. The Roots of Emotions The Cannon-Bard Theory –Assumes that both physiological arousal and the emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus, which emanates from the thalamus in the brain 35 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

36. The Roots of Emotions The Schachter-Singer Theory –Emphasizes that we identify the emotion we are experiencing by observing our environment and comparing ourselves with others –Supports a cognitive view of emotions 36 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

37. Theories of Emotion 37 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

38. The Roots of Emotions Contemporary Perspectives on Neuroscience of Emotions –Specific patterns of biological arousal are associated with individual emotions. Amygdala –Provides a link between the perception of an emotion-producing stimulus and the recall of that stimulus later Hippocampus –Aids in the consolidation of memories 38 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

39. The Roots of Emotions Making Sense of the Multiple Perspectives on Emotion –Emotions are complex phenomena –Encompass both biological and cognitive aspects –No single theory has been able to explain fully all the facets of emotional experience 39 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

40. Six Primary Emotions Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 40

41. Do People in All Cultures Express Emotion Similarly? Facial-affect program –Assumed to be universally present at birth –Analogous to a computer program that is turned on when a particular emotion is experienced Displays an appropriate expression 41 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

42. Do People in All Cultures Express Emotion Similarly? Facial-feedback hypothesis –Not only reflects emotional experience, but also helps determine how people experience and label emotions Some theoreticians have suggested that facial expressions are necessary for an emotion to be experienced 42 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011