1. APES…Please hand in your soil lab…make sure you understand soil conservation techniques and the difference between organic and inorganic fertilizers Please take out your LC-50 lab and be prepared to discuss. What can we conclude about the toxicity of copper sulfate?

2. Factors to explore Baseline Baseline Threshold Threshold Variability of results Variability of results LC-50 LC-50 Type of organism used and method of exposure Type of organism used and method of exposure Persistence of substance Persistence of substance Solubility of substance Solubility of substance Synergistic effects Synergistic effects Antagonistic effects Antagonistic effects

4. Can we apply to humans? It is usually unethical to test on humans so test organisms are used. It is usually unethical to test on humans so test organisms are used. Humans differ in size, anatomy, metabolism, genetics and sensitivity Humans differ in size, anatomy, metabolism, genetics and sensitivity Sex, age of organism, diets, etc…have to be considered. Sex, age of organism, diets, etc…have to be considered. Habitat-humans are terrestrial and daphnia aquatic Habitat-humans are terrestrial and daphnia aquatic Maybe complete a similar test with rats/mice/monkeys? Maybe complete a similar test with rats/mice/monkeys? Acute vs. chronic effects Acute vs. chronic effects

8. Risk Assessment How do we establish what is safe? What units do you use (ie, the dose makes the poison)? How do we establish what is safe? What units do you use (ie, the dose makes the poison)? 1:10 chance? 1:100? 1:1000? 1:1000000? 1:10 chance? 1:100? 1:1000? 1:1000000? Pen demo… Pen demo… Ranking risks to humans…individually then in groups. Ranking risks to humans…individually then in groups.

13. Diseases…chronic vs. acute How do diseases become immune to antibiotics, herbicides and pesticides? How do diseases become immune to antibiotics, herbicides and pesticides? Natural selection-rapid reproduction with variety. Bacteria get variety through conjugation, transformation and transduction. Natural selection-rapid reproduction with variety. Bacteria get variety through conjugation, transformation and transduction.

14. How safe is the food you eat? Air you breath? Life? Risk assessment and acceptance (176- 179) Risk assessment and acceptance (176- 179) Sick building syndrome…see figure 8.10 Sick building syndrome…see figure 8.10 Complete the risk perception survey Complete the risk perception survey Should pollution levels be set to protect the average person in the population or the most sensitive? Children/women? Should pollution levels be set to protect the average person in the population or the most sensitive? Children/women?

15. Bhopal, India Union Carbide plant accidently released the pesticide Temick and killed thousands of people. Union Carbide plant accidently released the pesticide Temick and killed thousands of people.

16. Terms that relate Synergistic effect: the interaction which one substance accelerates the effects the other Synergistic effect: the interaction which one substance accelerates the effects the other Antagonistic effect: the interaction which one substance counteracts the effects of the other Antagonistic effect: the interaction which one substance counteracts the effects of the other Persistence: the ability to last. Persistent organic compounds Persistence: the ability to last. Persistent organic compounds

17. Complete the LC-50 lab Threshold Threshold Baseline Baseline