1. Racial Problems for Progressives Make-up of the movement. - Mostly white, middle-class and urban Jim Crow Laws - 1880’s in South, begins legalized segregation Sharecropping - Conditions little different from slavery Plessy v. Ferguson - 1896, Supreme Court decision - “Separate is equal” Birth of a Nation

2. Washington v. DuBois

3. Booker T. Washington Born in 1856 as a slave in Virginia 1881, Founded Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama. 1901, wrote autobiography, Up from Slavery 1901, 1 st African-American invited to dinner at White House. Believed social equality would follow economic equality. "In all things purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress."

4. W.E.B. DuBois Born in 1868, in Mass. First African-American to receive Ph.D. from Harvard University. Believed that the “Talented Tenth” should pull the rest of the race up to equality. 1903, wrote Souls of Black Folk 1905, founded Niagara Movement, which becomes the NAACP. Believed that economic equality was impossible without social equality first.

5. I, Too, Am American I, too, sing America I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And grow strong. Tomorrow, I'll be at the table When company comes, Nobody'll dare Say to me, "Eat in the kitchen", Then. Besides, They'll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed~ I, too, am America. By: Langston Hughes

6. " If We Must Die" If we must die, let it not be like hogs Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot, While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs, Making their mock at our accursed lot. If we must die, O let us nobly die So that our precious blood may not be shed In vain; then even the monsters we defy Shall be constrained to honor us though dead! O kinsmen! We must meet the common foe! Though far outnumbered let us show us brave, And for their thousand blows deal one death blow! What though before us lies the open grave? Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack, Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back! Source: Claude McKay, “If We Must Die,” in Harlem Shadows: The Poems of Claude McKay (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1922).