1. Boyce/DiPrima 9 th ed, Ch 10.8 Appendix B: Derivation of the Wave Equation Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems, 9 th edition, by William E. Boyce and Richard C. DiPrima, ©2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. In this appendix we derive the wave equation in one space dimension as it applies to the transverse vibrations of an elastic string or cable. The elastic string can be thought of as a violin string, a guy wire, or possibly an electric power line. The same equation, however, with the variables properly interpreted, occurs in many other wave phenomena having only one significant space variable.

2. Assumptions (1 of 2) Consider a perfectly flexible elastic string stretched tightly between two fixed supports at the same horizontal level. Let the x-axis lie along the axis of the string with the endpoints located at x = 0 and x = L. If the string is set in motion at some initial time t = 0 and is thereafter left undisturbed, it will vibrate freely in a vertical plane, provided that the damping effects, such as air resistance, are neglected.

3. Assumptions (2 of 2) To determine the differential equation governing this motion, we will consider forces acting on a small element of the string of length  x lying between the points x = x 0 and x = x 0 +  x. Assume the motion of string is small and as a consequence, that each point on the string moves solely in a vertical line. Let u(x,t) be the vertical displacement of the point x at time t. Assume the tension T(x,t) in string acts in tangential direction, and let  denote the mass per unit length of the string.

4. Horizontal Components Newton’s law, as it applies to the element  x of the string, states that the net external force, due to the tension at the ends of the element, must be equal to the product of the mass of the element and the acceleration of its mass center. Since there is no horizontal acceleration, the horizontal components must satisfy If we denote the horizontal component of the tension by H, then the above equation states that H is independent of x.

5. Vertical Components (1 of 3) The vertical components satisfy where x is the coordinate of the center of mass of the element of string under consideration. The weight of the string, which acts vertically downward, is assumed to be negligible.

6. Vertical Components (2 of 3) The vertical components satisfy If the vertical component of T is denoted by V, then the above equation can be written as Passing to the limit as  x  0 gives

7. Vertical Components (3 of 3) Note that Then our equation from the previous slide, becomes Since H is independent of x, it follows that If the motion of the string is small, then we can replace H = Tcos  by T. Then our equation reduces to

8. Wave Equation Our equation is We will assume further that a 2 is constant, although this is not required in our derivation, even for small motions. This equation is the wave equation for one space dimension. Since T has the dimension of force, and  that of mass/length, it follows that a has the dimension of velocity. It is possible to identify a as the velocity with which a small disturbance (wave) moves along the string. The wave velocity a varies directly with the tension in the string and inversely with the density of the string material.

9. Telegraph Equation There are various generalizations of the wave equation One important equation is known as the telegraph equation where c and k are nonnegative constants. The terms cu t, ku, and F(x,t) arise from a viscous damping force, elastic restoring force, and external force, respectively. Note the similarity between this equation and the spring-mass equation of Section 3.8; the additional a 2 u xx term arises from a consideration of internal elastic forces. The telegraph equation also governs the flow of voltage or current in a transmission line (hence its name).

10. Multidimensional Wave Equations For a vibrating system with more than one significant space coordinate, it may be necessary to consider the wave equation in two dimensions, or in three dimensions,