1. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Chapter 14: Theories of Personality Case Study: You Are What Makes You LaughYou Are What Makes You Laugh Section 1: The Trait ApproachThe Trait Approach Section 2: The Psychoanalytic ApproachThe Psychoanalytic Approach Section 3: The Learning ApproachThe Learning Approach Section 4: The Humanistic and Sociocultural ApproachesThe Humanistic and Sociocultural Approaches Lab: Applying What You’ve LearnedApplying What You’ve Learned

2. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Everybody loves to laugh, but what does your humor style say about your personality? A person who uses put-down humor may do so as an acceptable way to channel aggression, while a person who always uses self-deprecating humor may do so as a result of their self-loathing. People who tell jokes to relieve a tense situation are often warm and good-natured. The ability to laugh in the face of danger can suggest a healthy psyche. What we find funny may also be tied to other aspects of our personalities. Case Study: You Are What Makes You Laugh

3. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. The Trait Approach Psychologists study personality to discover patterns of feelings, motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another. Trait theorists attempt to understand personality by focusing on traits, or those aspects of personality that remain stable. Section 1 at a Glance

4. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Is being shy a mental illness?

5. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Personality: the patterns of feelings, motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another. Trait: an aspect of personality that is considered to be reasonably stable. Greek physician who believed that the body contains fluids called humors, the combination of which produced personality traits. Hippocrates Trait Theorists

6. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Where did personality traits come from? Hippocrates: –Result of different combinations of bodily fluids (humors). –4 basic fluids: 1.Yellow bile (quick-tempered) 2.Blood (cheerful) 3.Phlegm (sluggish) 4.Black bile (thoughtful) Imbalance of fluids: bloodletting/vomiting recommended!

7. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Gordon Allport Traits are inherited and fixed in our nervous system. Described physical traits, behavioral traits, and moral traits. Traits are the building blocks of our personality. Asserted that a person’s behavior is a product of his or her particular combination of traits.

8. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Hans Eysenck: 2 personality dimensions : 1.Introversion-Extroversion –Introverts: A person who tends to be more interested in his/her own thoughts and feelings than in what is going on around him/her. –Extroverts: A person who tends to be active and self- expressive and to gain energy from interaction with others. 2.Emotional Stability-Instability –Stability: People are reliable, rational. –Instability: agitated and unpredictable.

9. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Five Basic Personality Factors: (1)introversion-extroversion (2) emotional stability-instability, (3) conscientiousness-carelessness, (4) agreeableness-disagreeableness (5) openness to new experiences-closed mindedness. Studies have found correlations between certain behaviors and particular traits. People who receive many traffic tickets, for example, score lower on the agreeableness scale. Research on the Five Factors

10. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. The Unconscious Freud believed that conscious ideas and feelings occupy only a small part of the mind. Deepest thoughts, fears, and urges remain out of their awareness. Psychoanalysis urges people to discuss whatever is on their minds, sometimes called a “talking cure.” Freud also used dream analysis and hypnosis to access the unconscious. The psychoanalytic approach to personality teaches that all people undergo inner struggles. People are born with certain biological drives such as aggression, sex, and the need for superiority. These drives come into conflict with laws, norms, and moral codes. Sigmund Freud

11. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Sigmund Freud: “ Inner conflict ” Patients lost feelings in hands/legs: –Believed caused by refusal to recognize emotional problems. Freud explored unconscious mind through psychoanalysis: –Talk about anything that “pops” in mind; in relaxed setting. –Considered “ talking cure ”…people eventually gained feelings in hands/legs after talking about issues on mind.

12. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. The Id Behaves like a stereotypical two-year-old – “I want what I want, and I want it now.” Represents basic drives such as hunger. It demands instant gratification and pays no attention to rules or others. Follows the pleasure principle. Present at birth.

13. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. The Ego Develops because demands for instant gratification cannot be met immediately or safely. Guided by the reality principle—the understanding that we cannot always get what we want. When the ego senses that indecent or improper impulses are rising into awareness, it tries to repress them.

14. Theories of Personality Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. The Superego Develops throughout early childhood, follows the moral principle. It incorporates the standards and values of parents and society. Provides us with our moral sense and acts as our conscience feels us with guilty and shame when we think or do something that society defines as wrong. “Don’t eat that…it will make you FAT!”