1. OPTIMA Optimisation for Sustainable Water Resources Management October 28, 29 th 2004 Malta kick-off meeting National Centre for Remote Sensing - TUNISIA Tunisian case study

2. 2 Water resources state Water resources are unevenly distributed in geographic and seasonal terms (Over 77% of the volume of dam water is stored in the North) Population growth and socio-economic development: growth in water need Increasing pressure on the country capacity to provide this scarce resource Renewable groundwater is estimated to be about 1319 million m 3 / year 1/2

3. 3 2/2 Connections (overall) Drinkable water (provision)…………………………….96,4% Drinkable water (household connection)………….79,1% Sanitation (urban) Connection rate………………………………………….81% Water consumption : Water consumption in urban environment…….109 L/day/Inh Annual water Demand per sector and per inhabitant: Irrigation: 425 m 3 /year Domestic: 55 m 3 /year Industry : 35 m 3 /year North: satisfying South: lack of resources

4. 4 [0 – 20] [21 – 40] [41 – 70] [71 – 150] [> 150] Price range m 3 /term 0,215/DT/m 3 0,028 0,170 0 40 70 3,860DT 20 0,430/DT/m 3 0,269 0,430 0 70 150 7,600DT 0,650 20 0,170 0,269 0,445 0,650 0,269 0,445 0 70 150 7,820DT 0,497 0,790 20 0,170 [150, …] 0,017/ DT/m 3 0,135/DT/m 3 0 20 1,310 Fixed Fees/term Water cost Sanitation fees Water & waste water pricing: 0,215 /DT/m 3 0 40 0,028 0,170 20 1,310DT Exemple: 0.135 x 10m 3 + 0.017 m 3 x 10 + 1.310 = 2.830 DT 1 DT = 0.65 €

5. 5 Water resources Issues Over exploitation of surface and groundwater Urban extension generates a conflict between : Water consumption, Water Waste Exploitation 1/2 Intensive irrigation using different kinds of water: Drinkable water, Treated water Drilled water (superficial and deep wells)

6. 6 High salinity: Salinity ratio < 1.5g/l : reserved for drinking water : 83% 1.5g/l < salinity ration <5g/l : can be used for irrigation of resistant crop type14 % >5g/l : desalinization : 3 % Quality 2/2 Capacity 36 billion m 3 /year 4,570 Billion m 3 /year 2,7 Billion m 3 /year: surface water 1,870 Billion m 3 /year: Ground water Evaporation: 80 %!!!!!

7. 7 Tunisian Water Policy Skill development to satisfy water demand without rationning water Diversification of hydraulic infrastructure to retain and manage Water Resources Progressive law adaptation Water is institutionalised and managed by 3 ministries

8. 8 Key Stakeholders Ministry of A.E.H.R Ministry of E.T.P Ministry of Public Health SONEDE DGRE DEGTH CRDA APAL DGATANPE ONAS Regional Agencies Laboratories and units Regional Agencies

9. 9 Key End -users The major consumer of Land and Water Agriculture Constitues a major source of pollution by nitrogen, phosphates and pesticides. Irrigated lands represent about a third of the hole agricultural areas Agriculture now uses about 83% of the country’s water resources

10. 10 Tourism Householders Industry The industrial sector water consumption: 69.2 Mm 3 /year Wastewater is estimated to be about 275 Mm3 / year (110 Mm3 / year) (380 Mm3 / year) (30 Mm3 / year) The touristic sector water consumption: 4.5 Mm 3 /year The drinking water supply consumption: 175.1 Mm3/year

11. 11 Case study

12. 12 Geographic location

13. 13 Case study State Area: 1140 km 2 Coastline length:100 km Extent: from Ras Sidi Ali Mekki to Ras Fartas Coastline Type: wide and numerous sandy beaches Marine bottom Type: Sandy and muddy Area: 630 km 2 Coastline length:53 km

14. 14 Case study state The increase in the economic and human activities terribly affects the coastline Two major rivers flow across the Gulf of Tunis 1. in the north MEDJERDA river (1000Mm 3 /year) 2. in the south MELIANE river (230 Mm 3 /year) The Gulf of Tunis undergoes: 1. an urban development 2. concentration of socio-economic activities Domestic wastewater Industrial wastewater runoff water

15. 15 Data collection 1. Geographic data satellite images in different resolution (10 m, 2.5 m, and 1 meter) Arial photographs DEM in high resolution 25 meters Coverages View and simulation in 3 Dimensions Land use maps Maps in 1/25.000 Scale

16. 16 2. Meteorological data Temperature time-series Rainfall time-series Wind speed and direction 3. socio-economic & bibliographic data Statistics National and regional reports ( state of environment – Land use Master Plans) Studies

17. 17 Conclusion We carried out many profitable studies about the Tunisian Water Resource Management The reports and results of much research study are difficult to be obtained from other institutions ( Lack of communication ) Reinforce the relationship between local all partners  Information-holders  