1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch Network Centric Operations Research Secure Mobile Networking SWIM Demonstrations and Prototypes Technical Interchange Meeting November 9, 2011 Will Ivancic NASA Glenn Research Center william.d.ivancic@nasa.gov william.d.ivancic@nasa.gov http://roland.grc.nasa.gov/~ivancic/ 1

2. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch Goal or Today’s Participation? Gain a better understanding of the current state of SWIM and the future plans, directions and needs. Determine what expertise and technologies the Networks and Architectures Branch of NASA Glenn Research Center might be applicable to future demonstrations and prototyping. Provide some insight into what NASA GRC has done and is currently doing in regarding Aeronautics and Space-based Network Centric Operations. Provide some insight into NASA GRC’s capabilities and facilities – particularly regarding: – The Airport Surface Wireless Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) Test Bed at Cleveland Hopkins –Aircraft Access to SWIM (AAtS) 2

3. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch 3 Secure Mobile Networking in an Operational Setting US Coast Guard Cutter Neah Bay – Cleveland, Ohio

4. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch Use and Deployments 1st Demonstrated August 23 & November 6, 2002 Used in operational setting July – Sept 2003 –New York and Boston Harbor NY had no land line Boston land line was poor – switched to satellite Used Oct – Nov 2003 at shipyard during maintenance –802.11b at 11 Mbps 4

5. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch Mobile LAN 10.x.x.x INTERNET USCG INTRANET 10.x.x.x FA - Detroit FA Cleveland HA Encryption PROXY Encryption 802.11b link FIREWALL Public Address USCG Officer’s Club EAST WEST Dock EAST WEST Dock Encrypted Network Data Transfers 5

6. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch IPv4 Mobile LAN IPv6 Mobile Router Corresponding Public Node IPv6 Home Agent Monitoring Points Glenn Research Center GRC Open Network (DMZ) Globalstar T-Mobile IPv6 Mobile LAN IPv4 Public Internet CNS IPv6 Intranet Eurocontrol IPv6 Intranet NASA NREN IPv6 Intranet Z Z IPv6 Web Server IPv6 Web Server IPv6 Web Server 6-to-4 (DOOR) 4-to-6 Tunnel 6-to-4 (DOG) 6-to-4 Tunnel 6-to-4 Tunnel Remote Controlled Webcam IPv6 Mobile Networking Demonstration Nov 2004 to CIO of DOD IPv6 Network 6

7. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch Aeronautics-Based Network Centric Operations Research 7

8. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch UAS Integration in the NAS 8 Communications Sub-Project Project Engineer: Jim Griner Deputy Sub Project Manager for GRC: Bob Kerczewski Milestones: FY11 Provide Spectrum Inputs to WP5B of WRC FY12 C2 frequency band propagation in a relevant environment complete FY13 Development of C2 system prototype equipment complete FY14 Validation of security mitigations in relevant environment complete FY15 Performance testing of C2 System in relevant environment complete FY16 C2 system performance testing in mixed traffic environment (Flight Test 4) FY16 Large scale simulations of candidate C2 technologies and their impact on air traffic capacity complete Goal: Partner with industry to develop and test a prototype commercial UAS command and control communication system consistent with RTCA SC- 203 defined vision and architectural concepts. Provide data and recommendations regarding future policy and guidance Security, Security, Security Security is the key to everything But its hard ITAR make is very difficult to address internationally Need one system for both the National and Global Airspace Systems

9. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch NASA-FAMS Air-to-Ground Communications Systems Partnership 9 Key Milestones 4/1/08 Deliver AGCS technology Roadmap 11/1/08 Complete Flight tests of Inmarsat Satcom system 3/1/09 Complete installation of emulated air/ground communication system on FAMS trainer aircraft 6/1/09 Complete FAMS Public/Private Partnership Plan 3/1/10 Complete FAMS Communication Device EMI testing at FAA Technical Center 3/1/10 Deliver 26 Air-to-Ground Comm System Emulators 12/31/11Complete FAMS Device-to-Device prototype and perform EMI testing at FAA Tech Center Partners DHS Science & Technology, DHS Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS) Approach Develop AGCS technology Roadmap identifying services, technology maturity, and gaps Work with specific commercial systems/vendors to ensure FAMS comm requirements are integrated Develop comm prototypes, perform lab evaluations to assess and validate performance Develop a public/private partnership plan for implementing the FAMS air/ground communication system Objectives Develop a communications capability satisfying the operational needs of the Federal Air Marshal Service involving aircraft platforms Capability: Fully realized, deployable and useable end-to-end solution Aircraft Platforms: Communications within an aircraft and between other air and ground contacts FAMS Air-to-Ground Communication System Emulator

10. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch ICAO Endorsed Future Communications Study Technology Recommendations (what has become AeroMACS) Future Communications Study, ICAO Aeronautical Communications Panel, Recommendation #1: Develop a new system based on the IEEE 802.16e standard operating in the C-band and supporting the airport surface environment. Europe Common Shortlist United States Oceanic / Remote Continental Custom Satellite P34/TIA-902 LDL B-AMC AMACS Inmarsat SBB Custom Satellite IEEE 802.16e P34/TIA-902 LDL B-AMC AMACS Inmarsat SBB Custom Satellite IEEE 802.16e Oceanic / Remote Airport Today’s Focus

11. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System (AeroMACS) 11 Objectives Participate in the development of a Wireless Airport Communications System for use in the National Airspace System Support technology profile development and standardization in national and international forums Develop, test and validate wireless communications technology utilizing NASA GRC Communications Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) test bed Approach Utilize GRC CNS test bed to validate wireless system performance for fixed and mobility nodes Conduct technology interference analysis utilizing propagation tools Test system performance with operational applications in GRC CNS test bed Utilize collected test data to support technology standardization activities RTCA Special Committee (SC-223) AeroMACS profile development Minimum Operational Performance Standards Action Plan 30 Future Communications Infrastructure Joint Eurocontrol - FAA/NASA recommendations to NextGen Program, SESAR, ICAO on WIMAX Potential Mobile Applications ATC Communications with any aircraft anywhere Airport operations Investigate network capabilities for AeroMACS to support AOC applications and Aircraft Access to SWIM (AAtS) Potential Fixed Applications Sensor data collection/dissemination for situational awareness Network enabled Weather Data

12. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch NASA-Cleveland Test Bed AeroMACS Network Layout AZ = 55° ° AZ = 200° AZ = 295° AZ = 45° AZ = 185° Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport NASA Glenn Research Center Subscriber Stations Base Stations Core Server

13. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch AeroMACS Development – GRC First (and still only) in the World AeroMACS Operational Prototype Testbed First Networked Wireless Airport Surface Communications System interconnecting ASDE- X (Surface Multilateration) ground stations First Networked Wireless Inter-Airport Communications System interconnecting three NE Ohio airports First WiMAX-based multi-node network operating in new 5091-5150 MHZ spectrum allocation First AeroMACS mobile network demonstrations First radar site integration demonstration using AeroMACS (current activity) AeroMACS-aircraft connectivity demonstration (planned) AeroMACS Electronic Flight Bag upload (planned) AeroMACS FMS upload demonstration (planned) AeroMACS-SWIM integration test and demonstration (planned) AeroMACS Wx sensor integration (planned)

14. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch 14 High Speed SatCom Network Globally Available Affected by Weather Higher Bandwidth High Latency High Cost Low Speed SatCom Network Globally Available Low Bandwidth High Latency Very High Cost Redundant High Speed LOS Network Globally Available High Bandwidth Low Latency Lower Security Moderate Cost High Speed Terrestrial Not Available when Mobile High Bandwidth Low latency Lower Cost Operations Command and Control Mobile Network How do you decide which path the data should take? How do you cause the network(s) to route the data via this path? Destination Network (for Operations) Destination Network (for Command & Control) Internet Entertainment How Do You Select and Implement the Routing Path? Destination Network (for Entertainment) Low Rate VHF Reliable Low Latency

15. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch Aviation Specific Issues Safety of Life / Safety of Flight –Time-Critical command and control for Air Traffic Control Fast convergence time is essential! New radio link technologies are “uncertified” for Air Traffic Control / Air Operations Communications (ATC/AOC) Regulatory requirements force network design Three independent network domains –(required for regulatory, QoS, & security) –Passenger & In-Flight-Entertainment –Airline Operations –Air Traffic Control Service providers may be authorized to carry one, two, or all services. ATC will be a “closed network” Multiple security and authentication architectures 15 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC5522: “Network Mobility Route Optimization Requirements for Operational Use in Aeronautics and Space Exploration Mobile Networks”

16. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch 16 Network Partitioning by Service Architecture Example QoS & Security Service Levels for: Network Control Voice over IP High Priority Special Projects General Purpose NSPs/Airlines/Framers/Suppliers/etc PIES Security Perimeter VOIP AOC Networks are logically partitioned. Many logical networks share a common physical infrastructure. QoS can be managed by both network & flow ATC Net-Mgt & Routing Data Center Security Mgt PIES Source: Terry L Davis, Boeing Network Infra.

17. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch 17 SATCOM AERO-HH VHF Voice/DATA HF Voice/DATA GateLink INMARSAT Swift 64 High-Rate Satellite WiFi Max Cellular Future Links Mobile Router Operations LAN (Avionics) Communication and Display Passenger Services Air Traffic Management LAN Sensor Controller (Optional Display) NEM0-1 NEMO-2 NEMO-3 Mobile Network 1 Mobile Network 2 Mobile Network 3 Multiplexing at the Router SATCOM AERO-1

18. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch 18 High speed link int2 int3 Routing Policy int1 Low latency link Reliable link ATC AOC P-DATA Home Agent Policy-Based Routing, Critical Link Active Mobile Router

19. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch 19 High speed link int2 int3 Routing Policy Home Agent int1 Low latency link Reliable link ATC AOC P-DATA Policy-Based Routing, Passengers Link Active Mobile Router

20. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch Space-Based Network Centric Operations Research 20

21. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch GRC Network & Architectures Branch 1st to demonstrate and deploy secure mobile networking in an operational government network, the US Coast Guard –(Used SeaTel / Globalstar 8 muxed phone antenna system) 1st and only group to deploy Mobile-IP Mobile networking on a space-based asset, the Cisco router in Low Earth Orbit (CLEO) 1 st to deploy Internet Protocol security (IPsec) and Internet Protocol version 6 (Ipv6) on a space-base asset. 1st to deploy delay/disruption network technology bundling protocol in space. 1st and only group to demonstrate space-based large file transfers over multiple ground stations using Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) bundling. Experiments exercised proactive and reactive bundle fragmentation and International interoperability using standard Internet protocols. Our Facilities are Global and Beyond! 21

22. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch VMOC NOC 6 Stored data transferred to ground Sensor 1 Seismic Sensor alerts VMOC 5 Space Sensor acquires data (e.g. image) 4 4 4 4 Network Control Center Configures Spacecraft via VMOC VMOC negotiates for ground station services 2 2 VMOC negotiates for Space Assets 3 3 Network Control Center Configures Ground Assets Stored data transferred to ground (Large file transfer over multiple ground stations) 7 Secure Autonomous Integrated Controller for Distributed Sensor Webs

23. Home Agent (GRC) US Army Space & Missile Defense Battle Lab Colorado Springs Segovia NOC Multi-User Ground Station (MUGS) Colorado Springs, CO SSTL Guildford England VMOC-1 (GRC) Open Internet VMOCDatabase Experiments Workstation Satellite Scheduler & Controller National Institute for Information and Communication Technology (NICT) Koganei, Japan Universal Space Networks Ground Network Alaska, Hawaii and Australia UK-DMC/CLEO Network Configuration 23

24. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch Cisco MAR 3251 on UK-DMC Internet native IPv6 between routers native IPv4 frame relay DLCI 17 – unencrypted ‘clear’ link frame relay DLCI 18 – encrypted link 8.1Mbps from satellite 9600bps to satellite SSTL ground station LAN, carrying IPv4 and IPv6 over Ethernet 2621 router PIX firewall IPv4 IPsec encryption between routers IPv4 secured IPv6 in 6-over-4 tunnel over IPv4 IPsec IPv6 in 6-over-4 tunnel in Mobile IPv4 tunnel to Home Agent 6-over-4 tunnel for non-mobile IP traffic Secure VPN tunnel NASA Glenn Home Agent IPv6 in 6-over-4 tunnel in Mobile IP as above, if IPsec link is preferred and used instead Mobile IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 IPsec Mobile IPv4 tunnelPrivate 192.x addressingPublic addressingPrivate 192.x addressing Cisco Router in Low Earth Orbit (GRC/SSTL/CLEO IPv6/IPv4 Tunnels) PIX firewall

25. National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://na.grc.nasa.gov/main/about/ Glenn Research Center Networks and Architectures Branch International Multi-organizational Network Centric Operations “Proposed” Security Research Intrusion Detection Penetration Testing Ground Rules –What Information will be shared regarding security implementations? –What degree of probing will be allowed? –What information will be shared regarding probing techniques? –What information will be shared regarding vulnerabilities found? Leave Markers? –How and to whom will this information be reported? 25