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Impressionism 1860s-1890s
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A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, 1882 Manet
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Rouen Cathedral, 1890s, Monet
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Waterlilies, 1919-26, Monet
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Oarsmen at Chatou, Renoir
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“The Glass of Absinthe,” 1876, Degas
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Post-Impressionism
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1880-1905 Mostly French Inspired by colors and light of impressionism, but wanted art to be more substantial- not simply capturing passing moment 2 approaches: –Focus on technique/capturing underlying forms (Seurat & Cezanne) –Focus on emotion & sensation (Gauguin & Van Gogh)
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Pointillism: Sunday on La Grande Jatte, 1884-86, Seurat
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Cezanne, Ginger Jar and Fruit, 1895
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Gauguin, Market Day, 1892
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The Starry Night, 1889, Van Gogh
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Early 20th Century
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Early Expressionism Expressed modern anguish Portrayed extreme emotions (jealousy, desire, loneliness, etc.) Best exemplified by Munch precursor to later abstract “Expressionism” which portrayed emotions through distorted forms and colors
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Munch, “The Scream,” 1893
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Symbolism Forerunner of Surrealism Showed fantasy world, not surface reality Strange, oversized figures Often meticulous detail on bizarre subjects
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H. Rousseau, “Fight Between a Tiger and a Buffalo,” 1908
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Fauvism Brief period 1904-1908 Wild, exaggerated colors- not connected to actual appearance Some bold distortions of form, fascination with underlying structure Influenced by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne and tribal art (I.e. African masks)
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Matisse, “The Girl With Green Eyes,” 1908
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Cubism Major turning point in 20th C art Broke objects into geometric pieces/planes, often disjointed and spread out- subjects often look disassembled and then awkwardly reassembled Often tried to show same figure/scene from multiple perspectives on one canvas Some early work monochromatic to emphasize form without distraction of color Later work incorporated stenciling, lettering, paper scraps Not totally abstract- they were representing objects, scenes, figures…
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Picasso, Girl Before a Mirror, 1932
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Dadaism Movement founded during WWI Nonsensical name Purpose: protest madness of war Artists did not trust reason & the establishment- so ignored restrictions & portrayed the absurd Aimed to denounce and shock, but also to inspire creativity Artists often used unconventional materials (I.e. junk not paint)
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Max Ernst, Celebes, 1921
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Surrealism Brief, strong movement in period between WWI and WW2 Strongly influenced by Freudian techniques artists and poets sought to create without conscious control- access unconscious Depicted bizarre, irrational scenes Some were almost abstract, barely recognizable shapes Some quite realistic in detail, but captured dreamlike hallucinations
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Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931
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Architecture: International Style Pre-20th C architecture focused on emulating the past 1920s architects all over Europe (and U.S.) rejected old historical styles and flourishes and used streamlined designs “It was like shedding a Victorian bathing costume, complete with bloomers, parasol, and ruffled cap, for a string bikini.” Seagram Building, New York
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Functionalism & Bauhaus Buildings should be useful found beauty in practicality and efficiency Radically changed look of cities “Less is more” Walter Gropius, German design school U.S. Chicago School (Sullivan, Wright)
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Home in Lincoln, MA designed by Gropius, 1938 The Guggenheim Museum, New York City designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, 1959
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