1. Security Environment During Coalition Operations

2. Preview Future Security Challenges Security Concerns for Armed Forces Regional Military Security Cooperation Coalition Strategy to Counter Asymmetric Threats Integration in Coalition Operations

3. Future Security Challenges

4. Globalisation Technology Proliferation Rising Importance of Non State Actors Environmental Considerations Population Growth

5. Globalisation Broader interstate engagements Permeability of national borders Emergence of cultural homogeneity Undermining sense of community Security threats know no boundaries Future Security Challenges

6. Non-state actors will shape global security NGOs capable of influencing policy issues Compete with governments in foreign policy formulation Rising Importance of Non State Actors Security planners will face the world in which the technological and military capabilities are not unique or limited Technology Proliferation Capabilities such as surveillance systems, nuclear powered submarines and long range cruise missiles will proliferate Future Security Challenges

7. Environmental Considerations Water, energy and land have traditionally been sources of conflict Increased demand on supply of fresh water Compliance with legislation and emission standards affects operational planning Uneven distribution of worlds’ population Population Growth World population growth can influence intrastate conflict as well as produce large scale migration Future Security Challenges

8. Security Concerns for Armed Forces

9. Terrorism and Proxy Wars Emerge as Strategic Challenges Paradigm Shift in Nature of Conflicts Unorthodox Approach Asymmetric Threats Irregular Forces Negate Conventional Combat Power Offsetting Conventional Capabilities Jungle/ Urban Warfare New Focus Increasing Emphasis on Asymmetric Strategies Security Concerns for Armed Forces

10. Information systems vulnerable to exploitation by adversary Opponents’ methods have little relevance to Geneva Conventions or Just Wars Intensification of media scrutiny and influencing public opinion Security Concerns for Armed Forces

11. Regional Military Security Cooperation

12. Regional Military Security Cooperation Most armies involved in fighting terrorism Terrorist threat increasing everyday Basic institutional assumptions, organised structures and policies need examination Reorganisation of armies to operate in full spectrum of warfare required Armies to be able to participate in coalition environment to counter terrorism, insurgency and proxy war

13. National governments will always approve such operations Command and control structures contingent upon national sensitivities and policies Terrorism to be defined under aegis of United Nations No state or non state sponsor be allowed to justify terrorism Imperatives for Regional Cooperation Regional Military Security Cooperation

14. Military organisations and capabilities are based on perceived security threats Asymmetric threats are the main focus of security policy and co-operation in the region Most armies in the region have limited resources Need to recognize threat and balanced organisation Look for a security system that lowers risk of uncertainty Balancing Capability Development Regional Military Security Cooperation

15. The spectrum of the challenge is complex and multi-dimensional The worst case scenario to be factored in Militaries are conservative institutions with long lead times to change Technological advances must be shaped to strengthen military cooperation Challenge is how to co-operate and arrive at the appropriate degree of consensus in identifying response Security Cooperation : Multidimensional Regional Military Security Cooperation

16. Coalition Strategy to Counter Asymmetric Threats

17. Coalition Strategy to Counter Asymmetric Threats Necessity to institutionalise direct and indirect measures to tackle terrorism Action plan in the region to isolate the terrorists First step is to identify the terrorists’ centres of gravity Populace constitutes a centre of gravity for terrorists Operations are required to aim at `control’ as against `destruction’ Difference from Conventional Operations Temperament required to control the populace

18. No quick solutions for such warfare as armies involved will have to be trained, physically and psychologically, for long hauls Home Truths People friendly operations as per laws of the land Avoid inconvenience to population Win hearts and minds of the population Proactive actions invite reaction and collateral damage Uphold human rights Impeccable code of conduct Coalition Strategy to Counter Asymmetric Threats

19. Integration in Coalition Operations

20. Problems of Coalition Participation National and military command issues create difficulties Coalition missions generally exceed span of control Consensus creation amongst the participating nations takes time Decision making is slow due to complexities of a coalition Standards of force capability and levels of military training vary Differences in language, tradition, and culture impact operations

21. Criteria for Success Force Structure Trained Personnel Intelligence Capacity Communications systems Planning and coordination Assured consensus before commiting military forces Integration in Coalition Operations

22. Coalition Command Relationship Ad hoc coalitions are based on temporary agreements and less formal than standing alliances Psychological and sociological problems are generated by differences among coalition partners in culture, customs, religion and standards of living Lack of confidence in coalition leadership as forces assigned to the coalition operate under a variety of national employment restrictions Integration in Coalition Operations

23. Operational commanders must understand political objectives Requirement to develop sound and effective coalition command relationships Operational planning to be carried out by a combined staff which includes equitable representation from each coalition nation Cooperation and coordination are keys to unity of effort Coalition Command Relationship Integration in Coalition Operations

24. Key aspects Human Interaction Civil military operations Rules Of Engagement Use of force Training standards Doctrine Interoperability Integration in Coalition Operations

25. War termination or end state to be decided Combined exercises, language training for liaison officers are productive Multi-lateral coordination and cooperation in training, seminars and exercises to enhance interoperability Method of minimizing problems is to allocate discrete geographical or functional areas of responsibility to national forces Interoperability Integration in Coalition Operations

26. The supreme excellence is to subdue the armies of your enemies without even having to fight them Sun Tzu Conclusion