1. The Liberal State English Politics and the Right to Revolution Any single man must judge for himself whether circumstances warrant obedience or resistance to the commands of the civil magistrate; we are all qualified, entitled, and morally obliged to evaluate the conduct of our rulers. - John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1689

2. Paradox… Absolute rulers and rationalism helped early modern societies to negotiate fundamental social and economic change… …but that same rationalism would be the source of Absolutism’s strongest critics.

3. I. Enlightened Despots A well conducted government must have an underlying concept so well integrated that it could be likened to a system of philosophy…All financial, political and military matters must flow towards one goal…the strengthening of the state and the furthering of its power. - Frederick II “The Great” d. 1786

4. A. Science and the state 1. R & D - Académie des Sciences 1666 - Royal Academy 1660 Christopher Wren. d. 1723

5. B. The Sun King Louis XIV 1.“I am the state” dismissed assemblies direct rule / appointments professional army Gallicanism Edict of Fontainebleau 1685 Jansenism

6. 2. “I have loved war too much” Natural borders Alliances Habsburgs War of the League of Augsburg War of Spanish Succession

7. C. Czar of all the Russias 1. Peter I “The Great” 1689-1725 - Westernization - Eastern expansion - state service - serfdom Romanovs

8. 2. Catherine “the Great” r. 1762-1796 - un-Enlightenment 1773 - Wild, wild East

9. D. Germany stirs 1.HRE? Westphalia 1648 Siege of Vienna 1683 Leopold I r. 1657-1705

10. 2. Austrian Habsburg Dynasty Maria Teresa Joseph II 1780-1790

11. 3. Hohenzollerns (Prussia) - militarism / state service - Frederick the Great 1712-1786

12. II. The Rights (and Wrongs) of Englishmen For the king, turning to the gentleman that touched the axe said "Hurt not the axe that may hurt me.“ - Bulstrode Whitelock

13. A. Constitutionalism (sort of) 1.Norman Conquest 1066 2. Magna Carta 1215

14. B. Tudor Family Values 1. There’s something about Mary Henry VIII “Bloody Mary” Elizabeth I r. 1553-58 r. 1558-1603

15. C. The Ghost of John Calvin 1. Roundheads - anti-hierarchical - “middle” class

16. D. Stuart Kings 1. James I 1603-1625 “Divine Right” / Absolutism King James Bible (1611)

17. III. English Revolutions, 1640 - 1689

18. A. Royal Authoritarian 1.Charles I 1 625-49 2. Short Parliament 1640

19. B. English Civil War 1642-1651 1. Culture Wars King v. Parliament Anglican (Catholic) v. Puritan Old v. New “Money” Oliver Cromwell

20. 2. Execution of Charles I 1649 Liberty at risk

21. D. Commonwealth (1649-60) & Restoration (1660-89) 1.Theocracy 2. Charles II

22. IV. Modern Liberalism Limited Government Natural Law Personal Liberty Positive Humanism

23. A. The Glorious Revolution 1. James II 1685

24. 2. Dual Monarchy 1688 - William & Mary

25. 3. Checks & Balances Rise of Parliament Toleration Act 1688 Declaration of Rights 1689

26. B. Justification 1. Remembering Hobbes John Locke

27. Two Treatises of Government 1689 - natural rights An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690 - tabula rasa