1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved Business Plug-In B3 Hardware and Software

2. B3-2 LEARNING OUTCOMES 1.Describe the six major categories of hardware and provide an example of each 2.Identify the different computer categories and explain their potential business uses 3.Explain the difference between primary and secondary storage

3. B3-3 LEARNING OUTCOMES 4.List the common input, output, storage, and communication devices 5.Describe the eight categories of computers by size 6.Define the relationship between operating system software and utility software

4. B3-4 INTRODUCTION Information technology (IT) - any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization –Hardware - consists of the physical devices associated with a computer system –Software - the set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks

5. B3-5 Demo Hardware Basic

6. B3-6 Hardware Basics Computer - an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept, manipulate, and store data Hardware components 1.Central processing unit (CPU) 2.Primary storage 3.Secondary storage 4.Input device 5.Output device 6.Communication device

7. B3-7 Hardware Basics

8. B3-8 Hardware Components INPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE PRIMARY STORAGE CPU OUTPUT DEVICES COMMUNICATION DEVICES BUSES Keyboard Mouse Touch Screen Printers Plotters Audio Terminals RAM ROM Cache Registers Modems Network Interface cards (NIC) Hard drive Floppy disks Optical disks Magnetic tape ALU Control Unit

9. B3-9 How Computers Represent Data BIT (Binary Digit) –Smallest unit of data –One of two states, represented by 0 or 1 –Everything – pictures, words, songs, movies – stored as a series of 0s and 1s in the computer BYTE: –String of 8 bits, representing one character –Maximum of 256 different characters –ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( 8 bits per byte)

10. B3-10 How Computers Represent Data 0 or 1 One bit (Most) Characters are represented by one byte The word, CANADA, is represented by six bytes: C01000011 A01000001 N01001110 A01000001 D01000100 A01000001 ASCII character set ASCII character set

11. B3-11 Central Processing Unit (Brain) Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor) - the actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software) instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together CPU has 2 parts: –Control unit - interprets software instructions and literally tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software instructions –Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) - performs all arithmetic operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers)

12. B3-12 Central Processing Unit The number of CPU cycles per second determines the speed of a CPU – or CPU clock speed –Megahertz (MHz) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per second –Gigahertz (GHz) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per second

13. B3-13 The CPU and Primary Storage CPU: Central Processing Unit –Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): performs principal logic and arithmetic –Control unit: controls and coordinates other parts of the computer system Primary Storage –Data and program instructions stored temporarily during processing

14. B3-14 Linking Components Motherboard –Physical platform that contains circuitry and components –Components (e.g. hard drive, cards) are connected via expansion slots Bus –Connects the microprocessor (CPU) with attachments to the motherboard –Three types of busses: data, address & control bus Data: moves data to from primary storage Address: determines which addresses in primary storage should be used to temporarily store required data/instructions Control: moves data to from input/output devices and secondary storage

15. B3-15 Microprocessors (CPU) MICROPROCESSOR: A semiconductor chip that integrates memory, logic & control for an entire CPU on a single chip Speed and performance factors –Word length (bits the computer can process at one time) –Clock speed (tempo of the processor) –Data bus width (bits that can be moved at one time between the CPU, primary storage & other devices)- IN a 32-bit CPU, a word is 32 bits (4 bytes).IN a 32-bit CPU, a word is 32 bits (4 bytes).bitbytesbitbytes The size of a bus, known as its width, is important because it determines how much data can be transmitted at one time. For example, a 16-bit bus can transmit 16 bits of data, whereas a 32-bit bus can transmit 32 bits of data.The size of a bus, known as its width, is important because it determines how much data can be transmitted at one time. For example, a 16-bit bus can transmit 16 bits of data, whereas a 32-bit bus can transmit 32 bits of data.bit32-bitbit32-bit –Chip line width: the distance between transistors on a chip.

16. B3-16 Central Processing Unit Binary digit (bit) - the smallest unit of information that a computer can process Byte - a group of eight bits representing one natural language character CPU speed factors: –Clock speed –Word length A word is simply a fixed-sized group of bits that are handled together by the system; word lengths are typically 16, 32, or 64 bits –Bus width- The wider the bus, the more information can flow over the channel –Chip line width: the distance between transistors on a chip.

17. B3-17 Microprocessors

18. B3-18 Video How is a microprocessor is made.

19. B3-19 Several Chip Brands

20. B3-20 Microprocessor Examples NameManufacturerWord Length Clock SpeedData Bus Pentium 2Intel32233-450 MHz64 CeleronIntel32500-700 MHz64 Pentium IIIIntel32500-1000 MHz 64 Pentium IVIntel641.5 GHz64 ItaniumIntel641.5 GHz64 Power PCMotorola, IBM, Apple 32 or 64 100-400 MHz64 AlphaDEC/Compaq64600+64 AthlonAMD64800+64

21. B3-21 ADVANCES IN CPU DESIGN Complex instruction set computer (CISC) chip - type of CPU that can recognize as many as 100 or more instructions, enough to carry out most computations directly Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chip - limit the number of instructions the CPU can execute to increase processing speed Virtualization - a protected memory space created by the CPU allowing the computer to create virtual machines

22. B3-22 Primary Storage Primary storage - the computer’s main memory, which consists of the random access memory (RAM), cache memory, and the read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU

23. B3-23 Primary Memory & Semiconductors Primary Memory comprised of semiconductor chips –An integrated circuit with many transistors on a silicon chip Types of semiconductor storage –RAM – short-term, volatile –ROM – read only, contain program instructions (e.g., how ALU will perform certain calculations)

24. B3-24 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) Random access memory (RAM) - the computer’s primary working memory, in which program instructions and data are stored so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the processor’s high-speed external data bus –Volatility –Cache memory – an ultra-fast internal CPU memory to store recently accesses or frequently accesses data.

25. B3-25 READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) Read-only memory (ROM) - the portion of a computer’s primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power –Flash memory –Memory card –Memory stick

26. B3-26 RAMROM

27. B3-27 Size in the Digital World Storage CapacityAbbreviationNumber of Bytes ByteB1 KilobyteKB1 000* MegabyteMB1 000 000 GigabyteGB1 000 000 000 TerabyteTB1 000 000 000 000 * Actually 1024 bytes – base 2, not base 10

28. B3-28 Measure of Memory

29. B3-29 Secondary Storage Secondary storage - consists of equipment designed to store large volumes of data for long-term storage –Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) - roughly 1 million bytes –Gigabyte (GB) - roughly 1 billion bytes –Terabyte (TB) - roughly 1 trillion bytes

30. B3-30 Magnetic Medium Magnetic medium - a secondary storage medium that uses magnetic techniques to store and retrieve data on disks or tapes coated with magnetically sensitive materials Magnetic tape - an older secondary storage medium that uses a strip of thin plastic coated with a magnetically sensitive recording medium Hard drive - a secondary storage medium that uses several rigid disks coated with a magnetically sensitive material and housed together with the recording heads in a hermetically sealed mechanism

31. B3-31 Optical Medium Optical medium types include: –Compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM) –Compact disk-read-write (CD-RW) drive –Digital video disk (DVD) –DVD-ROM drive –Digital video disk-read/write (DVD-RW)

32. B3-32 INPUT DEVICES Input device - equipment used to capture information and commands –Manual input device Joystick Keyboard Microphone –Automated input device Bar code scanner Digital camera Magnetic ink character reader

33. B3-33 OUTPUT DEVICE Output device - equipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information processing requests –Cathode-ray tube (CRT) –Liquid crystal display (LCD) –Laser printer –Ink-jet printer –Plotter

34. B3-34 Communication Device Communication device - equipment used to send information and receive it from one location to another –Dial-up access –Cable –Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) –Wireless –Satellite

35. B3-35 Connections to the CPU Port: A way to connect devices to the CPUPort: A way to connect devices to the CPU –Serial port: sends one bit at a time –Parallel port: sends 8 bits at a time –USB (universal serial bus): a high speed connection that allows “daisy- chaining” of up to 127 devices through only one port using a hub. –Wireless: no cable, generally slower

36. B3-36 Categories of Computers Personal digital assistant (PDA) Personal Computer (PC) –Desktop microcomputer –Laptop Computers: notebook computers Workstations –Desktop with powerful mathematical & graphics engines – e.g. Sun MicroSystemsSun MicroSystems Minicomputers –Mid-sized computer, size of an office desk –Can support small organization or manage networks –Used in universities, factories – example: IBM eServer iSeriesIBM eServer iSeries Categories of Computers

37. B3-37 Categories of Computers (continued) Mainframe –Large computer –Used for scientific, military and large business applications Supercomputer –Fastest and most powerful computer class –Weather forecast applications –Top 500 supercomputersTop 500

38. B3-38 Computer Software Computer Software

39. B3-39 Learning Objectives Describe the major types of softwareDescribe the major types of software Examine the functions of system software and compare leading PC operating systemsExamine the functions of system software and compare leading PC operating systems

40. B3-40 Demo Computer Software in Plain English

41. B3-41Software Software: detailed instructions that control the operation of a computer system Program: a series of statements or instructions

42. B3-42 Major Types of Software System software: –generalized programs that manage the computer’s resources Application software: –Programs written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end users Utility Software: - Provide additional functionality to the system software

43. B3-43 System Software Operating SystemOperating System –The system software that manages and controls the activities of the computer, decides which computer resource will be used, which program will be run and the order in which activities will take place. Computer Language Translation ProgramsComputer Language Translation Programs –Convert programming languages into machine language

44. B3-44 Utility Software Types of utility software –Crash-proof –Disk image –Disk optimization –Encrypt data –File and data recovery –Text protect –Preventative security –Spyware –Uninstaller

45. B3-45 Application Software Types of application software –Bowser –Communication –Data management –Desktop publishing –E-mail –Presentation graphics –Programming –Spreadsheet –Word processing

46. B3-46 Operating System (OS) Functions Allocation and AssignmentAllocation and Assignment –Allocates resources to applications –Controls primary memory allocation SchedulingScheduling –Scheduling processing, inputs and outputs MonitoringMonitoring –Keeps tracks of users and jobs

47. B3-47 Operating System Capabilities: Multitasking Multitasking –Allows two or more programs to share resources of same computer –CPU executes one program while managing input and output of other program

48. B3-48 OS Allows computer resources to be shared by many users simultaneously by having the CPU spend a fixed amount of time on each user’s program before proceeding to the next. OS Allows computer resources to be shared by many users simultaneously by having the CPU spend a fixed amount of time on each user’s program before proceeding to the next. Managing Multiple Users: Timesharing

49. B3-49 Language Translation Compiler ( e.g. C language)Compiler ( e.g. C language) –Translates source code into machine language all at one time Interpreters (e.g. Jave language)Interpreters (e.g. Jave language) –Translates source code one line at a time

50. B3-50 Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) Allows users to interact with the operating systemAllows users to interact with the operating system Uses icons, buttons, and mouse to perform tasksUses icons, buttons, and mouse to perform tasks Windows 95 and newer support GUI.Windows 95 and newer support GUI. non-graphical user interface (DOS) non-graphical user interface (DOS)

51. B3-51 Basic DOS Commands cdchange directorycdchange directory cd..change directory up one levelcd..change directory up one level clsclear screenclsclear screen copyCopy a filecopyCopy a file del deletes a filedel deletes a file dir list files in directorydir list files in directory findfind md (mkdir) make directorymd (mkdir) make directory movemove pathpath ren rename fileren rename file rd(rmdir)remove directoryrd(rmdir)remove directory type print file contents to screentype print file contents to screen

52. B3-52 Leading PC Operating Systems Windows Vista Versions for home & corporate; supports Internet and multimedia; improved networking, security, and corporate management capabilities Windows XP Versions for home & corporate; supports Internet and multimedia; improved networking, security, and corporate management capabilities Windows ME, 98 & 95 32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking; Networking capabilities Windows 2000 32-bit operating system; Multitasking; Multiprocessing; Networking; Internet services Windows CE Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices

53. B3-53 Leading PC Operating Systems OS/2 For IBM PCs; supports 32-bit computing; Multitasking; Networking UNIX For powerful PCs, workstations, midrange computers. Multitasking; Multiuser Processing; Networking. Portable to various computer hardware platforms Linux Free, reliable alternative to Unix & Windows. Runs on many platforms; open source code Mac OS For Macintosh computers; Multitasking; Networking; Powerful multimedia capabilities DOS For older IBM and IBM compatible PCs. Program Memory limited to 640KB