1. Planning and Economic Development Themes of Modernization

2. The idea of Planning Era of Planning :Depression, War and the Construction of Welfare State Era of Planning :Depression, War and the Construction of Welfare State Nehru’s Idea of Democratic Socialism and Modernization Nehru’s Idea of Democratic Socialism and Modernization

3. Revitalizing Indian Agriculture The idea of Indian planning: Historic Compromise of 1945 The idea of Indian planning: Historic Compromise of 1945 First Five year Plan and Reconstruction of Agriculture First Five year Plan and Reconstruction of Agriculture Extension of cultivation Extension of cultivation

4. Revitalization of Indian Agriculture Irrigational Projects Irrigational Projects Land Reforms : Land to the tiller Land Reforms : Land to the tiller Local Rural self government Local Rural self government Community Development program Community Development program Co-operative Farming Co-operative Farming Political and structural constraints Political and structural constraints Nehru’s turn towards industrialization Nehru’s turn towards industrialization

5. The Second Five year Plan Soviet model Soviet model Emphasis on heavy industry Emphasis on heavy industry Policy of import substitution Policy of import substitution The goal of economic self sufficiency The goal of economic self sufficiency

6. Limitations of Nehruvian Planning Failure of institutional reforms Failure of institutional reforms Poor performance of agriculture Poor performance of agriculture Insufficiency of food production Insufficiency of food production Inability to control and direct private sector investment Inability to control and direct private sector investment External shocks External shocks The halting of the progress of the Indian economy The halting of the progress of the Indian economy

7. Reasons for the crisis of Nehru’s model Power of interest groups and the lack of the autonomy of state The new alliance between bureaucrats, rich peasants and industrialists Mismatch between bureaucracy driven public sector and private capital