1.  starter activity Who contributed more to the Thaw? Eisenhower or Stalin?  Other?

2. How did ‘peaceful co- existence’ come about? TBAT explain at least 3key reasons why PC came about To assess the extent Khrushchev was responsible  Learning objectives

3.  Your task Read p.75. Where did the phrase ‘Peaceful co-existence’ originate? What were some of the factors which caused it? Read p.75. Where did the phrase ‘Peaceful co-existence’ originate? What were some of the factors which caused it? Read p.75-8 and list the reasons why ‘peaceful co- existence’ emerged between the two superpowers. Take notes under these headings: Read p.75-8 and list the reasons why ‘peaceful co- existence’ emerged between the two superpowers. Take notes under these headings: Consolidation of positions Consolidation of positions Military & economic context Military & economic context Death of Stalin Death of Stalin Beria Beria Malenkov Malenkov

4. Peaceful Co-existence Origins of term – 1 st coined by Malenkov, head of Communist Party & Soviet PM, 1952; developed into fully formed policy under Khrushchev Origins of term – 1 st coined by Malenkov, head of Communist Party & Soviet PM, 1952; developed into fully formed policy under Khrushchev Purpose – means of co-operating between East & West until Marxist aims of communist society could be fulfilled Purpose – means of co-operating between East & West until Marxist aims of communist society could be fulfilled Causes – changes in leadership, need to avoid all-out nuclear war, wider issues … Causes – changes in leadership, need to avoid all-out nuclear war, wider issues …

5. Consolidation By 1949 division of Europe entrenched By 1949 division of Europe entrenched Formation of NATO (1949) & Warsaw Pact (1953) made divisions more evident Formation of NATO (1949) & Warsaw Pact (1953) made divisions more evident Positions were secure – now more willing to negotiate Positions were secure – now more willing to negotiate

6. Military & economic context By 1955 USA & USSR possessed hydrogen bombs By 1955 USA & USSR possessed hydrogen bombs Arms race picking up speed, e.g 1950 US had 298 atomic bombs, in 1955 it had 2,422 Arms race picking up speed, e.g 1950 US had 298 atomic bombs, in 1955 it had 2,422 1/3 of USSR spending went on military projects 1/3 of USSR spending went on military projects US Hydrogen bomb – one very similar was jettisoned in 1958 of coast of Georgia and remains there to this day!

7. Death of Stalin Power struggle between Beria (head of secret police), Malenkov (Politburo member) & Nikita Khrushchev (Politburo member) Power struggle between Beria (head of secret police), Malenkov (Politburo member) & Nikita Khrushchev (Politburo member) Beria (with Svetlana) Malenkov Khrushchev  Read about Beria’s depraved sexual antics

8. Beria’s initiatives Beria: “All we want is a peaceful Germany, and it makes no difference to us whether it is socialist or not” Beria: “All we want is a peaceful Germany, and it makes no difference to us whether it is socialist or not” Proposed reunified, united East Germany Proposed reunified, united East Germany BUT Berlin Uprising (1953) dashed hopes of unified Germany – 25,000 arrests, 400 executions BUT Berlin Uprising (1953) dashed hopes of unified Germany – 25,000 arrests, 400 executions

9. Malenkov’s ‘New Course’ ‘New Course’ – war between capitalism and communism no longer inevitable ‘New Course’ – war between capitalism and communism no longer inevitable Resources should be directed towards improving living conditions in USSR Resources should be directed towards improving living conditions in USSR

10. Khrushchev built on Malenkov’s policy, developing ‘New Course’ into ‘Peaceful Co- existence’ & De-Stalinisation Khrushchev built on Malenkov’s policy, developing ‘New Course’ into ‘Peaceful Co- existence’ & De-Stalinisation

11. Plenary Plenary Why did the world react positively and negatively to Stalin’s death Why did the world react positively and negatively to Stalin’s death Who coined the phrase ‘Peaceful Co-existence? Who coined the phrase ‘Peaceful Co-existence? Reasons for development of PC? Reasons for development of PC?  Extension. Who do you think should really be credited with PC? Should it even be a Russian?  Extension. Who do you think should really be credited with PC? Should it even be a Russian?

12.  Homework Create a factoid on Nikita Khrushchev. Include references to his early life, ascendancy, relations with US, key achievements & failures, death Create a factoid on Nikita Khrushchev. Include references to his early life, ascendancy, relations with US, key achievements & failures, death Take notes on Austria & Finland (p.80) using the ‘Skills builder’ question to guide you Take notes on Austria & Finland (p.80) using the ‘Skills builder’ question to guide you.

13. Plenary Plenary 3 reasons why Peaceful Co-existence came about 3 reasons why Peaceful Co-existence came about How far was Khrushchev responsible? How far was Khrushchev responsible?  If you were Eisenhower, how would you turn ‘Peaceful Co-existence’ to your advantage?  If you were Eisenhower, how would you turn ‘Peaceful Co-existence’ to your advantage?